Breast Cancer Essay Example for Free

Breast crab louse EssayIn regard to its origin, dynamics and consequences bosom give the gatecer can be considered to be the trice leading cause of crabmeat death among US and European women (Smith-Bindman et al, 2003). Every year over 200,000 women are diagnosed with bureau cancer, and though statistical data corpse constant, the issue gets significant psychological and public resonance (Jemal et al, 2004).The overall lifetime adventure for American women constitutes 18, which essentially means that out of eight females natural today, one will receive a dispar suppurater cancer diagnosis during her lifetime (Ogden, 2004). Mortality rates are highest among older African American women (American Cancer Society, 2001). Simultaneously, statistics reveals that diseased chars life expectancy decreases by nineteen years.Although medical scientists and practitioners debate on the methods regarding disease actionment and how to diminish the number of disparager cancer cases , many public health analysts indicate about an education exigency of young people. Despite the fact that the younger generations are not awake of the importance of detecting breast cancer early, with the help of teens acquire involved and teaching others about breast cancer, more lives will be saved.The educational course of instruction developed for young people to prevent, forecast and diminish consequences of breast cancer involves several important aspects. Primarily, audience should know the essence of the disease, in particular its nature, assorted risk factors associated with it and methods of its prevention. Younger generation should be informed about how breast cancer or its first signs could be detected, what constitutes post-diagnosis procedure and treatments of the disease. However, from the critical point of view, the briny objective of such programs is to prevent the appearance of the disease and decrease to the minimum lethal consequences. This primary concern an d emphasis are stipulated with the conditions infra which if breast cancer is detected on its early stages, patients possess from 78% to 92% survival rate (Ogden, 200410).Breast cancer is considered to be a group of undifferentiated cells reproducing under extremely rapid rate in the area of the breast in women. The earliest changes usually appear in the epithelial cells of the terminal end buds of the breast milk system, where new cancer cells form tumors. If cancer cell are active, the tumor increases at significant rate and may result in metastasis. beingness a complex process in which cells are separated from their initial tumors and supplied trough blood and lymph systems to other organs, metastasis spreads the cancer throughout the body. According to generally certain medical practice, if size of a lump does not exceed one centimeter, it is indicated as benign (Hart, 1999), however, in every case adequate medical citation should be provided.Medical specialists distinguish risk factors for breast cancer that individual can change and those that cannot be affected (Barton, 2005). Constant risk factors are considered to be being a woman, getting older, having a family history as well as previous breast cancer history, having radiation therapy to the chest area, being Caucasian, getting periods young, usually before 12 years old, having late menopause, never having children and having genetic mutation that increases individuals risk.There were several studies conducted regarding genetic mutation for breast cancer, and it was disclosed that 3%-10% of breast cancers are related to changes in either gene BRCA1 or the gene BRCA2 (Ogden, 2004). Simultaneously, younger audience should be taught that along with so called uncontrolled risk factors, there are several factors that can be affected by individuals behavior.Thus, taking hormone replacement therapy, stand control pills, not breastfeeding, moderate and heavy alcohol drinking, being overweight and not e xercising can actually being qualified as risk factors for breast cancer, though not as much important as gender, age and family history (Barton, 200528).However, factors mentioned above can be controlled by every woman in order to reduce chances of developing a breast malignancy. From the practical point of view, cancer risk factors are based on probabilities, therefore congruous screening and early detection remain to be the most adequate methods in reducing the mortality associated with breast cancer. During the education process, the main thing that should be emphasized is that the effectiveness of treatment is directly related to the stage on which a breast cancer is detected (Barton, 2005 Ogden, 2004). The common medical practice indicates that unceasing mammography screening allows decreasing the mortality of breast cancer by 30% (Hart, 1999144), which means that every woman should get a yearly mammogram starting from age 40 or even earlier. During the mammography screening , the x-ray picture sometimes detects various substances in the breast, essence, character and nature of which is not recognizable and thus, it may provoke extra worrying of both patient and health professional (Barton , 2005). Young woman are recommended to exact a compulsory clinical breast exam do by a health professional. In addition, during clinical breast exam everywoman has an opportunity to learn how to conduct self-examination for lumps and shape of the breast.One should not carp at the value of clinical breast exams or self-examination because 15% of tumors are felt but cannot be detected by regular mammographic screening (Fletcher et al, 20031674). Although a lump in the breast is the most common way women discover a breast cancer, younger women should understand that any changes in a breast require further medical consultation and investigation. Among the clinical tests that are conducted in modern oncological clinics, some women are a chance to know if they have a c hance of getting the disease by simply tracing back cases of breast cancer throughout the history of relatives.Contemporary oncologists consider the adjacent signs to be those that require immediate attention from health specialistThickening or density in the breast or underarmUlcerated or inverted nipplePuckered or dimple skinRedness or swelling of the breastA lump near the breast, including the underarm, collarbone and neck (Ogden, 200420-22).If these abnormalities have been detected, and it should be specifically emphasized during the education program, individual should get immediate consultation (physical exam) from a health professional, get a mammogram and possibly an ultrasound, and visit a breast surgeon for examination if needed. Contemporary medicine possesses various treatment techniques for breast cancer, in particular, radiotherapy, toxic chemotherapy combinations, hormonal treatments and prophylactic mastectomies are used to treat early lesions. 20-year follow-up dat a from the NSABP B-06 trial (Mirshahidi, 200425) have confirmed that radiation therapy clearly decreases the rate of locoregional recurrence in patients who undergo lumpectomy.Usually, radiation treatment is presumptuousness after, rather than before, chemotherapy (Mirshahidi, 200524). moder radiation techniques include partial breast irradiation, partial breast irradiation and brachytherapy, and interstitial brachytherapy. These techniques are under investigation and, at this point, may be used in the context of a clinical trial (Giap, 2004).Another effective treatment of the disease, adjuvant treatment, is defined as the use of systemic therapy for microscopic metastatic disease after surgical resection of the primary tumor. Chemotherapy and antiestrogen therapy are the two major forms of adjuvant treatment, and patients may be given one or both. A meta-analysis conducted by the Early Breast Cancer Trialists Collaborative Group (Mirshahidi, 2004 25) showed the benefit of adjuva nt therapy in premenopausal and postmenopausal women and in women with node-negative and node-positive disease.Breast cancer can affect almost every individual, however there are certain risk factors according to which one woman has more chances for breast cancer diagnosis. From the statistical point of view, the lifetime risk of any woman getting the disease is about 18, however the lifetime risk of dying from breast cancer is lower than 128 (Ogden, 2004).General education about the disease, possible risk factors and various screening and detection methods allow women to notice the disease or its signs before giving it a chance to spread. Simultaneously, education and enhanced awareness of younger generation regarding a breast cancer reveals new opportunities in preventing the disease, its consequences and lessen lethal cases.ReferencesAmerican Cancer Society. (2001). Cancer facts and figures, 2001 (Publication No. 5008.96). Atlanta American Cancer SocietyHamid R. Mirshahidi, MD Jame Abraham, MD. (2004). Managing early breast cancer.Postgraduate Medicine.Minneapolis Oct. 116(4), 23-27Joy Ogden (2004). discretion Breast Cancer, Wiley, 2004Diane Hart. (1999).Diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. Plastic Surgical Nursing.Pitman Fall.19(3) 137-145Wylie Burke (2005). Taking Family History Seriously, Annals of Internal Medicine. Philadelphia 143(5)388-390Huan B Giap (2004). speed breast brachytherapy an effective and convenient alternative for selected patients with early-stage breast cancer. Womens Oncology Review. Boca Raton 4(4)251-261Mary B. Barton, MD (2005) Breast cancer screening.Postgraduate Medicine.Minneapolis Aug 118(2)27-35Fletcher S.W, Elmore J.G. (2003). Clinical practice. Mammographic screening for breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine 348(17)1672-80Smith-Bindman R., Chu P.W, Miglioretti D.L., et al. (2003). Comparison of screening mammography in the United States and the United Kingdom. JAMA 290(16)2129-37Jemal A, Clegg LX, W ard E, et al.( 2004). Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975-2001, with a special feature regarding survival. Cancer 101(1)3-27