Inherent Problems Brought by Internal Combustion Engine

The technology was first pi aceered by NASA during the Apollo moon shot, and involves combining type O and heat content through a catalytic membrane, to produce water vapor and an galvanising automobile catamenia, which fanny be employ to run a vehicle's galvanic automobileal travels (Eisenstein, 1999). A sack cellular phone, like a battery, is an electrochemical substance device that at once produces DC electricity without combustion and without producing polluting emissions (Siuru, 1998). Fuel cells produce electric power as long as they be supplied with fire (hydrogen) and oxygen or air

The basic supply cell consists of a proton-exchange membrane coated on either human face with platinum electrodes (anode and cathode) - the platinum acts as a catalyst for the reaction. post flows through the channels in flow-field plates to the cathode. On one attitude of the membrane, hydrogen is decomposed into its constituent protons and electrons at the anode. The electrons argon attracted to the electrode on one side of the membrane and return via the second electrode, having passed through the coils of an electric motor that drives the wheels of the car. The protons pass through the membrane, and recombine with the electrons, and also oxygen atoms, to produce water and heat. The heat finish be used for passenger comfort, windshield defrosting, etc. Energy from a fuel cell exists in the form of moving electrons. Grooved graphite plates are used to direct th

While fuel cells which use hydrogen directly are truly zero-emission engines, those that use methanol as a reference work of hydrogen produce tiny amounts of one C monoxide (Science and engineering science, 1999). If a fuel cell is fueled by methanol, it needs a chemical reactor, known as a reformer, to release the hydrogen, and an efficient electric motor. Reformers are bulky and expensive. Smaller reformers increase the production of carbon monoxide, which Apoisons@ the platinum and stops it performing its role in the fuel cell. The metals used in the fuel cells and the motors are all proud-cost items, which, at present, are not economical for broadscale use.

e flow of hydrogen and oxygen.

The output voltage of fuel cells is increase by stacking one-on-one cells in series; increasing the surface area of the cells increases the current produced.

A fuel cell in your future. (1999). Environment, 41, pp. 7-8.

Siuru, B. (1998). Fuel-cell powered vehicles. Electr. No, pp. 50-53.

DeGaspari, J. (May, 2000). unsullied energy. Mech. Eng.,

Current limitations on fuel cell-powered transportation are the high production costs of such cars, notwithstanding strict environmental laws are propelling festeringal efforts. Almost every major car manufacturer has a fuel cell development program currently underway (Brooke, 1999). In the meantime, hybrid cars are likely to make their appearance until technical problems with fuel cells and electric-only cars can be solved.

Brooke, L. (1999). Get ready for fuel cells. Automot. Ind., 179, p. 36

Science and Technology: Fuel cells hit the road. (1999). The Economist, 351, pp. 77-78.

Since electric vehicles, although the ideal, are not notwithstanding feasible, hybrid electric vehicles may provide a atypical answer (Siuru, 1999, Hybrid Electric Vehicles). The typical hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) uses a small internal combustion engine, motor/generator, and an energy storage device, usually a battery but it could also be a flywheel or
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