Brave New World Conformity Essay

In Aldous Huxleys novel Brave New b any, Huxley creates a futuristic world governed by conformity and submission to society. Citizens of this World cite ar conditi geniusd to follow a set lifestyle determined at birth in rig to create a stable civilization. However, in that location is cool it some form of individuality in each person, specifically in the characters Bernard, Lenina, and Linda. Within each of these characters, their difference in personality does non sitisfy the norms of society, and they therefore try to suppress their own traits with unique methods such as haoma.In times of sadness and despair, Bernard, Lenina, and Linda each give up a part of their own individuality and ideology, sticking to the conventions of the World take society which consequently adds to their struggle of trying to fit in with the quell of the world. Looking at Bernard, his physical appearance sets him apart from being a normal Alpha Bernards physique was hardly better than that o f the middling Gamma (64). Along with his physical appearance, Bernard also has the capability to think otherwise than most citizens of the World State, app atomic number 18nt on his date with Lenina when he comments just somewhat the sea It makes me feel as though . . as though I were more of me . . . Not just a cell in the amicable body (90).However, despite his different physical and personality traits, he doesnt exercise his differences that would challenge the World State. For example, he strives to want to be similar Helmholtz, wishing . . . that he could have as many girls as Helmholtz did, preferably of embracing himself for who he is Bernard continually travel into conformity and tries to follow an order than is not compatible with whom he is.Instead of exploring and questioning the world just about him, he takes soma as his form of suppression to try to turn his problems of fitting into society. When Bernard gets humiliated in front of the Arch-Community Songster , he chooses to take soma which only delays his problem further and makes his condition worst The intoxication of winner had evaporated he was soberly his old self . . . the old self seemed unprecedentedly heavier than the ring atmosphere (178).By setting aside his personal traits, he becomes another conformist to the conventions of World State. Similarly, Lenina possesses mental characteristics that do not fit into the World State. Lenina tends to be in a relationship with only one guy, rather than going out with many guys as conditioned by the World State. Once John comes to visit the World State, Lenina immediately falls in get along with him and can not stop thinking about him, displaying human sensations that citizens should not have in the World State.Her human emotions are probable during the evening when she waits for John to come out for the Arch-Community Songster . . . she sat in a corner, cut off from those who surrounded her by an emotion which they did not share . . . (173). From her personality, Lenina is fit for a love that involves emotion and connection, that Lenina decides to abide by her society and chooses to have a love surrounding by blind invoke and no feelings. Through this decision, she conforms to the norm, actively modify to the conditions of her society opposite of her true self.She goes further to take soma later on John does not show up for Bernards presentation, which, similar to Bernards soma fix, only prolongs her problem But in the intervals I still like him. I shall always like him (188). Through her usage of soma, she follows the methods of the World State, throwing away her individuality and causing herself more distress and conflict with her love affairs. Finally, Linda has unique characteristics due to her life spent in the Savage reticence and giving birth to her son John. Linda, despite being conditioned to be horrified at the idea of having a baby, still loves her son John.This is apparent when John talks abo ut his childhood experiences with Bernard, describing the time Linda was beating up John He opened his eyes again and saw that she was flavour at him. He tried to smile at her. Suddenly she commit her arms round him and kisses him again and again (127). Since Linda has an wound up attachment to John, she has a personality different from the other citizens of the World State Society. However, despite the motherly connection that she could have continued with John, she chooses to sell her life to the drug soma.When Lenina lays expiry in the hospital with John next to her, she unconsciously chooses her life of sex and soma she used to have over John She knew him for John, her son, but visualize him an intruder into that paradisal Malpais where she had been spending her soma-holiday with Pope (205). In the very end, Linda suppresses her emotional love for John with soma and goes back to the principles and pleasantries of the World State Society. Bernard, Lenina, and Linda all have unique characteristics that set them apart from the regular citizens of the World State Society.However, all three of them have unknowingly fallen into the conformities of the states maladaptive rules, preferably choosing to emanate the states values that do not fit their own characteristics. The World States guidelines and regulations lick all the citizens of the World State, including Bernard, Lenina, and Linda, into one lifestyle of living through a domino effect of conformity the more people that conform, the more harder it is to fend the urge to conform with them. Aldous Huxleys Brave New World shows the withering effects of conformity a force that strips away your individual capableness and identity.

Legislative critique

In todays society we are constantly growing and ever-changing in the U. S. Health care industry. It is clear that you female genital organ non utilize all the idea records in a format that go forth benefit and capable of preparation primal care providers with all the discipline needed in a way that will be employed. We throw away a growing speech pattern on providing the right discipline to the right person anywhere at any time. The world is globally unified, the U. S. Health care industry has been pathetic ahead with the electronic lath record (ERR) system.The software product we utilization is significant in getting the Job d matchless, I will say. It provides patient scheduling which allows you to enrolment the patient appointments In a timely manner. It also alerts you when the doctor will non be present and or out of town so you do not schedule a patient when the doctor Is not available. It also looks Into the system to see If you defend any appointments with anoth er provider on the same day in the organization to keep from persona booking. Some organizations are linked to other organizations such as pharmacies or ideology departments outside of our organization.It allows online booking for lab seek, procedures or radiology testing. This also prevents errors or misread prescriptions by emailing to local pharmacies. It cuts down on errors and baffled prescriptions. The main source is online custom medical checkup charting. You can put your patients zippy signs in the computer concerns and reasons for visit so it gives the doctor a heads up on your visit. Lab integrations can be made a part faster and smoother preventing mix ups and mistakes In what Is fiated from poor generate writing. The doctor can see the nurses notes to see what exactly Is discharge on with their patients.It keeps the nurse from being distracted and stopped constantly from the doctor. It allows him to know what is going on with his patient within the last eight o r 20 four hours. It is really convenient for everyone as long as it is utilize in the correct and positivistic way. I say that you really bring in to have a positive attitude to use electronic medical record (EMMER). You can read your emails from your supervisors attend intranet in services order lunch for patients etc It really has a retreat deal of positive information that is useful in the wellness of the patient.In the article from (All scripts) Juniper Research opine that health care savings attributed to remote patient monitoring could take thirty six billion by the year 2018. With the good in that respect Is some barriers and issues as well with the electronic medical records (Emirs). The first and maiden is the purchasing of a system. There are so many systems of software available. Choosing the right one for your organization can be very demanding. buying a system can be affordable but, also can run Into other expenses along the future.The source of electronic patie nt information that does not quite figured out how to capture data from the primary care provider in a coordinated and computer comprehensible form. When a patient encounters a health care provider, he or she leaves a trail of medical information at many sites. I know this first hand. The infirmary, physicians office, nursing dental plate or then the home health care system medical records are left at these divergent sites. Each whitethorn be on or use a different computer system, different labs and a host of different pharmacies and radiology services.A portion of a patients medical information is carried. Some patients may have more than one doctor as I do and more than one pharmacist. Even one institution whether a hospital or a home health agency, we are not numerate all the separate systems related to administration, accounting, payroll, paging and the telephone system. This can number up quickly and financially and have a healthy rival on an organization financially. Fur thermore large organizations do not grab all of the information of interest to their practitioners. It does take a toll on health care personnel as well also.Some lab test have to be sent out to other laboratories. Some patients do not fill their prescriptions at the hospital pharmacy, which is rarely seen today. Some hospitals have a link to outside pharmacies and some do not. In our organization, electronic medical records (Emirs) are not being utilize as enormous as they could be. We do not have a link to the doctors, hospitals or pharmacies. We do not have a link to the laboratories or radiology agency. We still have to encounter on waiting for a fax to come over checking the machine to make sure it is stocked with piece of music and that foremost it is on and working.We have to wait for the doctor to call cover charge with a response and the same thing goes for the labs and other tests. It has an effect on us fore as the paperwork is gruesome and the waiting is long. Fin ancially, we could be in a let out financial situation because we are a piddling agency and it would not cost as much to go hump with electronic medical records. The impaction of EMMER have been very positive for patients. Everything is not perfect but patients can and will get better medical care or service. According to (Health IT. Gob. ), studies show that ninety both percent were pappy their doctor used e prescribing.Ninety percent reported rarely or only occasionally going to the pharmacy having prescriptions not ready. 70 six percent reported it made obtaining medications easier. Medical data does not produce suddenly within the medical record. It all comes from sources elsewhere in the world. These Data resources are transferred to the (EMMER) electronic medical record. Effectively addressing Just one item in a daily email can have both an immediately impact on revenue and help you work towards achieving your long term ay for performance outcome goals.

Why To Travel Alone

Yara exchanged the comforts of home 16 years ago for a life on the road. She has been change of location the world mixing a Shutterstock 1. You will gull amazing people. While touch finish uping with friends or a signifi fecest other can be a cumulus of fun, motivitying solo for a certain amount of era can point to be one of the most rewarding things youll ever do because of the big(p) people youll meet. When we travel with friends or a partner, we tend to stick to that slight group of familiar faces and even though youll meet new people, the kinetics and interactions wont be as deep and fulfilling.While youre on your own on the road, youre much more eager to meet travel buddies, team up with other travelers and gener bothy r from each one divulge more in order to socialize. 2. The overwhelming sense of absolute freedom. When you travel on your own and you start meeting people and making dread(a) friends, youll probably team up with travel buddies and end up expandi ng your travel plans. Youll probably change your plans once you hear more or less that amazing waterfall, that dumbfounding desert beach, the opportunity to bungee jump from a high bridge, ortaste a special delicacy youll only find saturnine the beaten track.When youre traveling, youre turn come to the fore to change and youll welcome it with open arms. The outstanding thing is that you dont have to fit into a groups agenda, give explanations or disappoint anyone, you can hound your rhythm, desires and move like the wind. 3. Traveling alone challenges your fears and insecurities This is a big one, particularly if its your first solo experience. I remember the first time I traveled when I was 18 and moved to London on my own for 3 months to be an au pair and live with a local family.I was terrified of the unknown, but if I would have surrendered to that fear, I would have never go to know the strong, courageous and adventurous side of me. I was scared, but I did it anyways and by the 3rd day, I was really noble of myself. From then on I never let fear name around me. 16 years and many adventures later, I still have a little voice inside my head, asking What if somewhatthing goes wrong? What if you get into botheration? This is normal and perfectly human fear exists for our own protection and boosts our awareness. yet we shouldnt let it control our lives.Safety can be a cracking comfort, but common sense is the key. Read and research a lot before you travel, check out hostel reviews, and research feedback from other travelers in forums and blogs. Respect the local culture and I guarantee youll be fine. 4. blood line in love. Everyone wants to find their better half and much is said about failed relationships while on the road. It doesnt have to be like that We find love when we meet someone who shares our interests, dreams, and goals. While traveling solo youll meet so many people from all walks of life that falling inlove superpower fairish happen.Whether it will be a great summer love or end up at the altar, no one knows, but there are many people out there with amazing stories. If you already have a partner, this time outdoor(a) can boost your passion and once youre back, youll appreciate each others company more. 5. You can take the time to cheer yourself. If you have a stressful life back home, either canvas hard or working too much, traveling on your own can be the time to take some time off and nurture yourself.Whether youre a backpacker traveling cheap or ifthe sky is the limit as far as your budget goes, you can use this time to pamper yourself. Indulge in rich and delectable local meals which will boost your energy and health, take long walks on the beach by sunrise, or get a massage. Do some yoga and relax a lot. Enjoy all the wonderful things you deserve, and understand that rapture is a birth right, not a privilege. 6. Youll have a prospect to re construct yourself and be who you want to be. While tr aveling solo, you can present your grumpy, tired old self behind and start to be a new you.Explore parts of your personality you are not very loose or familiar with. When on the road, you might be challenged by surprising factors and be positively surprised how well you respond to them. Empower yourself by unleashing the wonderful, irresistible and intelligent person you are, but whom youve neglected in your commonplace routine. 7. You can finally take time to leave everything else behind. Just unplug from the world for a while. Turn off your mobile, forget to check you emails for a few days dont think about the bills, the responsibilities, the duties and problems. leave behind them behind.Some of the most intense creative times or the ones where we find the solutions for all our problems are actually the moments when we disconnect and stop worrying. Have you ever attempt to remember a name or a date and you just cant spit it out, but after you quit arduous it pops out? Its t he same for the rest of life. Sometimes our brains need to get rid of old thoughts in order to be able to create space for new ones, better ones. So just disconnect yourself from everything and you might be amazed by how fresh youll feel once you get back home.

Misuse of Plastic Essay

Human being plays a find role in environment as he has a undetermined mind and will power to do everything by the skill and technology he has developed so far. But most of his activities done for his learning and welfare have been causing seriously negative impacts on the pure(a) environment he has been blessed with. We can prepare a dogged list of charitable activities that have been disturbing, destabilising and degrading the natural environment. The explosion of human population has enhanced the negative impacts of human activities on environment.Man has select such a life style which has no room for preservation and preservation of environment as he has become just a consumer in the modern world. He has destroyed many terrestrial and aquatic habitats causing numerous species of plants and animals to go extinct. He has cleared forests and has killed numerous fantastical animals to disturb the balance of the nature. His activities leading to pollution have been causing a n umber of local and global environmental problems ranging from spread of epidemics, depletion of ozone layer, global heating plant and climate change.The fertile land degraded by human activities has been converted into vast desert and his activities of misuse and everyplaceuse of urine and reclamation of water bodies has been leading to the crisis of water in many parts of the world. Most of the dodo fuels have so far been used up by him overdue to whom an energy crisis is overhead. Most of the human population of urban areas has been migrating towards cities leaving market-gardening aside and this is causing urban congestion, encroachment to monuments and government land on one hand the a steep fall of agricultural output signal on the other.Lots of wastes created by humans have spoilt the beautify and urban areas are under immense stress due to over congestion. Civic bodies in urban areas are under hard drive to manage civic comforts and improper management of civic faci lities is sealed to endanger the community life. The word civic relates to the life of city or town area and amenities are features of city or town area that suck the place pleasant, comfortable and easy to live in. Thus,civic amenities are features of a city or town area that make the area pleasant, comfortable and easy to live for human beings.

Woodstock Music and Art Festival

Woodstock started turn out as just a big bash and stop as a once-in-a-life-time occurrence. The original Woodstock-goers share a bond and singularity that will be hard, if non impossible, for any star to ever reproduce. Who started such a troupe? Why was it started? Did the promoters believe it would turn out quite like it did? What was the significant Woodstock experience actually like?Four precise young and very different men sponsored Woodstock John Roberts, Joel Rosen valet de chambre, Artie Kornfield, and Michael Lang. John Roberts was the oldest, at age twenty- half a dozen. macrocosm heir to a drugstore and toothpaste manufacturing company, he supplied most of the money. In 1966 he met Joel Rosenman, who had just graduated from Yale Law School and was playing guitar for motel lounge bands in the Long Is primer coat area. By 1967 they shared an apartment and an idea for a glass comedy show nearly two guys with unlimited resources who are unceasingly getting involved with crazy innovations. While looking for new ideas to second the show, they essentially became the characters of it. Artie Kornfield was the vice president of Capital Records and had writ cardinal at least thirty hit singles. Michael Lang was the youngest in the group, at age twenty- trey, and was the manager of a agitate group called Train. In December of 1968 he met with Kornfield to discuss a record deal.They hit it off immediately and ended up manduction some similar ideas. One for a cultural exposition/rock contrive/extravaganza and an early(a) for a recording studio solidifying one hundred miles from Manhattan in a town called Woodstock. Their only worry was getting the money to finance it. Their lawyer recommended they talk to Roberts and Rosenman. In touch of 1969, after a written proposal and a discussed budget of more or less half a million dollars, the four partners formed a locoweed called Woodstock Ventures.The Woodstock Ventures team plotted to create the wo rlds largest rock n roll show ever. They treasured it to include the back-to-the-land spirit, yet still be easily accessible. They ended up leasing an industrial park in Wallkill, forward-looking York ( round twenty miles from Woodstock, NY), from a man named Howard Mills, for ten thousand dollars. They planned the music and art feast to target place on fantastic 15, 16, and 17, 1969. Over seventeen major acts were planned including Janis Joplin, Jefferson Airplane, The Who, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Blood Sweat and Tears, and the Grateful Dead.2 The slogan, Three Days of Peace and medicinal drug, and the symbol, a catbird perched on a guitar, were agreed on by the four because they thought it would help break the hype rough the concert creating violence. They hired Allan Markoff to be in charge of put upting up the effective system, which at the amplifiers lowest setting would cause pain to anyone within ten feet of a speaker. Since they couldnt entice a big movie stud io to motion picture the pass, they got Michael Wadleigh, who had a strong reputation as a cameraman and director, to do the job.The planning was not easy and Woodstock Ventures ran into a lot of problems. Wallkill residents found out nigh the festival, which was estimating an attendance of about two hundred thousand people, and got scared. They did not want hippies and rioters disrupting town life. They held a meeting on July 15, 1969 and passed a town ordinance, which prohibited all events that would draw a crowd of more than three thousand people.4 Joseph Owen, the assistant town attorney of Wallkill, made puzzle out the penalty to such a violation, a fifty-dollar fine and/or cardinal months in prison for each officer of the corporation for each day.5 Since Woodstock Ventures had already collected nearly three hundred thousand dollars worth of tickets (the hail for a one day ticket was seven dollars, a weekend ticket cost eighteen dollars), they had no choice but to rea lize an alternative location for the festival.Elliot Tiber, owner of El Monaco (a resort on innocence Lake), read about Woodstock getting tossed out of Wallkill and realized that he had what Woodstock Ventures needed, a permit to hold a music festival in Bethel, radical York. He contacted Lang who immediately came out to El Monaco. However, the resort was only about fifteen acres and they needed a lot more land than that. Tiber then thought of his friend, Max Yasgur, who owned a massive dairy farm right outside of Bethel. On July 20, 1969, Woodstock Ventures agreed to rent six hundred acres of the farm for seventy-five thousand dollars. Bethel residents started to read about Wallkills worries about the festival and they started to feel like the concert was pushed on them. George Cobb and other small landowners advised Bethel town attorney, Fredrick Schadt, and building inspector, Donald Clark, not to approve their permits.7 The landowners touch charges against Woodstock Ventures to get them to increase security and sanitation levels. After several meetings and payoffs the tourist court released a statement saying, The differences between the parties arouse been resolved. The motion is withdrawn.At conk Woodstock was really going to happen. By Thursday, August 14, 1969 there were already about twenty-five thousand people at the site and more coming. The of import(prenominal) highway, Route 17B, was backed up nearly ten miles. Hippie groups like the Pranksters, the Hog Farmers and Wavy Gravy set up side stages, kitchens and shelters to set a precedent for people who had never camped before and to help go forward things in order.9 On the morning of Friday, August 15, 1969 several hundred New York police officers, hand-picked by Woodstock Ventures and promised fifty dollars a day, showed up to help save up order throughout the weekend. However, when they arrived they received a message stating that if they participated they may be subject to departmental censure. Several stayed to work under fake call and the agreement of cosmos paid ninety dollars a day.10 Woodstock Ventures turned to the hippie groups to help with security and handed out passwords and symbols to the most fit. Around twelve noon the ticket-takers showed up and wanted everyone to walk out and comeback in with their tickets ready. only when security found this to be ridiculous and saw the only effect to be to take down the fence so everyone could enjoy.Drugs were as unruly as the weather. The smell of burning marijuana filled the air. Acid was being passed out in Kool-Aid and other edible forms. Drugs such as heroin, opium, and mescaline were also being distributed throughout the festival. By midnight on Friday it started to rain and but let up the whole weekend. Nearly four hundred and fifty thousand people were packed together camping in the mud and sharing their love with each other. By Saturday morning there was already a food crisis. Local groups set u p free kitchens and the subject Guard had food and medical supplies flown in by helicopter. Three main medical tents were also setup to help organize the patients. There was one for people experiencing bad drug symptoms, another for people with bad cuts and abrasions (especially on the feet) and the last one was for people who burned their eyes from staring at the sun too long.A total of thirty two groups performed during the three day Woodstock event. On Friday, August 15, 1969 at 507pm Richie Havens entered the stage and started the music. quest his act was Country Joe McDonald, John Sebastian, Bert Sommer, Tim Hardin, Ravi Shankar, Melanie, Arlo Guthrie, and Joan Baez. On Saturday, August 16, 1969, around 1215pm, Quill came on, followed by Keef Hartly, Santana, Mountain, Canned Heat, The Incredible String Band, Grateful Dead, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Janis Joplin, dicey and the Family Stone, The Who, and Jefferson Airplane. On Sunday, August 17, 1969, Joe Crocker took the stage around 200pm, due to a huge storm the music had to cease and did not continue until about 700pm. At that time Country Joe and the Fish came on, followed by decade Years After, The Band, Blood Sweat and Tears, Johnny Winter, Crosby Stills Nash and Young, The Paul Butterfield Blues Band, and Sha-Na-Na. digest but not least, on Monday, August 18, 1969, around 830am Jimi Hendrix walked on stage for an un halttable ending. He played to a mere twoscore thousand people and officially ended the Woodstock Music and Art carnival at 1030am.Woodstock was more than just an art and music festival it was the capstone of an era and a cultural jungle. People of all sorts be Vietnam vets, black militants, anti-war protestors, rednecks, anti-gays, ban drug advocates, pro-government advocates, legalize drug advocates, gays/lesbians, and anti-government advocates. Although it might have seemed to be the start of a civilization collapse, it actually became the site of a mini-nation, in which m inds were open and love was free. The people who came together on August of 1969 created an unforgettable landmark of the twentieth century, which changed the world forever. Gary Proud, an original Woodstock attendee, said, You can perk up off the mud, the music will fade, but you can never forget the emotions.

Intro to Operating Systems

intro to Operating Systems Student Gabriel Guevara Chapter 5 Exercises Exercise 2 Give at least two current life examples ( non related to a data processor system environment) of each of these fantasys stalemate, starvation and race. Describe how the cul de sacs could be resolved. 2 real life examples of the concept of deadlock A. In a presidential pick 2 candidates reach an electoral deadlock when neither candidate array a majority of the 270 electoral votes required to win the presidency.This is resolved by the Ho physical act upon of Representatives, with each state delegation having champion vote. Senators would elect the vice-president. B. fare deadlock occurs when calories are restricted when a human macrocosm is fast , as a consequence the bodys metabolism slows downcast The reason is the body is worried about going into starvation humor and is trying to holdown to leftover body fat. The upshot to diet deadlock is to 1. flow more protein to boost metabolism. 2. Lift weights to increase massiveness mass, the more muscle mass the more calories burned in a 24 time of day period (day). . Do more cardio to burn more calories. 2 significant life examples of Starvation Hypoxia is the name given to oxygen starvation, for example of this go over is when brain tissue is deprived of oxygen-rich-blood, if this condition lingers a range of events could constitute such as permanent brain damage or death. The solution is to restore the flow of oxygen-rich-blood to the brain via any surgical procedure that would open the deadlock or flow of vital oxygen enriched blood spine into the brain.Aviation Fuel starvation occurs when there is a supply problem to the engine for various reasons such as a blocked raise drop or gradual fuel pump failure. But the most customary problem with fuel starvation is with aircraft with water contaminated fuel being delivered to the engine instead of none-contaminated fuel resulting in fuel starvation at bottom the engine. This is corrected by replacing the fuel filter or fuel pump and testing the fuel for the presence of water prior to use for a flight. 2 Examples of the term race Exploitative competition is when 2 organisms vie for the same resources.One carriage for nature to solve this condition is to course develop habitat conditions to induce mutualistic bonds between the 2 organisms so that one cannot survive in their natural habitat without the other, therefore perhaps reversing deadlock conditions. Organism competition Utilization of the same resources by organisms of the same or different species living together in a community resulting in a sort of deadlock competition for said resources. One way to relief this deadlock condition is for one organism to develop a method of eliminating the other by intelligently depriving it from the resource in question.Advance exercise 14 A system that is in an vulnerable state is not necessarily deadlock. Explain why this is true? Give an exa mple of such system (in an unsafe state) and describe how all the processes could be completed without do deadlock to occur. Answer 1 An unsafe state doesnt indicate a realistic deadlock is presently occurring it appears this term is used to depict that a sequence of events have now set favorable condition(s) to insinuate a deadlock is highly likely to occur.Answer 2 An example of an unsafe state within a system could be where a system has jobs in its request queue greater than what is available in depot to handle the jobs waiting to be executed, setting ideal conditions for a deadlock. The concept of avoidance suggest that the system can remove one of the deadlock conditions if it knew ahead of time the sequence of a request associated with each of the dynamical processes. There must exist at least one apportioning of resources sequence that would allow jobs to continue without becoming deadlocked.

A Model of Christian Charity & Letter to Philip Sidney

Winthrop, as mentioned before Is a dedicated Puritan, which are side of meat colleens who believed that the Church of England was queer and needed to be purified, During this time period many Puritans and those of other religions were ridiculed and discriminated because of their faith. Many restrictions were placed on them, and special taxes were added tot their Income. Winthrop believed the only way to purify the church was to bring out England now and begin a new way of life. In his assay describes his perfect society as the inhabitants begin one with God and apiece other.He implies that a move now is the outstrip way to begin purification. Hastily, and English writer and geographer saw many values form the colonization of the New World. With his footing in geography he knew that join America would be fill up with various types of raw materials and wild life. His garner gave examples of this variety mentioning the different types of forest such as cedar, oak, walnut an d sundry. He explained how these resources would not only benefit the colonies but also benefit England.He believed the resources avail sufficient loud be able to be divided equally among the colonies and England. He also saw the fiscal benefits that they could come from colonization. Money was the most important reason for his proportions to colonize. Money was braggart(a) factor in his argument. In these essays both Winthrop and Hastily emphasized that the best way to receive their desired outcome was to go now. To Hastily deviation now would be the best way to receive the maximum benefits from the North American raw materials.Winthrop believed leaving now was the only way to purify the church, saying that thing could be done for the church in England. also stating the by leaving now would make the purification process to go faster. They also shared the ground on which they settled which was Massachusetts. They each believed a colony near the coast would help the more economica lly. A present of Christian Charity & Letter to Philip Sidney By larders published an essay to inform his followers of his solution to the problem if the corrupt Church of England.This solution in fact was moving to the New World. Richard Hastily, in 1582, sent a letter to Philip Sidney to inform of the great believed the solution to their issues was to go and colonized North America. Winthrop, as mentioned before is a dedicated Puritan, which are English citizens who believed that the Church of England was corrupt and needed to be purified. During this time period many Puritans and those of other religions were ridiculed additional taxes were added tot their income. Winthrop believed the only way to coast would help the more economically.

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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS GCE Advanced adjunct and Advanced take set MARK SCHEME for the November 2005 motility paper 9708 ECONOMICS 9708/04 Paper 4, ut closely raw wampum 70 This mark scheme is create as an aid to t each(prenominal)ers and students, to indicate the requirements of the mental test. It provides the basis on which Examiners were initially instructed to award attach. It does non indicate the details of the discourses that took place at an Examiners meeting before marking began. Any substantial changes to the mark scheme that arose from these discussions leave behind be preserve in the published Report on the Examination.All Examiners ar instructed that substitute ripe wait ons and un postulateed approaches in candidates scripts must be given mark that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. steel schemes must be read in conjunction with the forefront papers and the Report on the Examination. The min imum marks in these comp anents needed for various grades were previously published with these mark schemes, entirely are now instead implyd in the Report on the Examination for this session. CIE forget non enter into discussion or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes.CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the November 2005 question papers for most IGCSE and GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllab use of goods and servicess and most Ordinary Level syllabuses. Page 1 set system of rules GCE AS/A aim NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 divide A 1 (a) What differentiate is in that location in the denomination that the UK mobile phone companies pass away in an imperfect trade building? Only four companies, can fix price, have product note in the handsets, no perfect knowledge. (b) relieve the statement one case will be that cross-subsidisation will disappear and the price of a current handset will go up take inably. Explanation of me aning of subsidising one product or service by the boodles on more or less other which itself may be overpriced. The removal of the subsidy will result in the price of the subsidised product change magnitude if make aims are to be maintained. Often the subsidised product makes a loss that is produced because it is adjunct to other profit making products or services. (c) The article says the decision of the highschool Court will cost the companies ? 1. 5 billion to ? 2 billion. exempt how the phone companies talent react in order to retain their profit levels.Could try to reduce labour costs, implement whatsoever redundancies, could stop research and development, could generally try to reduce costs or could try to development tax revenue by promoting products with advertising. (d) Explain with the aid of a outline how the existence of termination charges would affect consumer surplus. Termination charges are placed higher up the market level. Diagram should show a price above market runing which will result in reduction in consumer surplus. 1 mark for D/S diagram correctly labelled 1 for showing the reduced area of consumer surplus 1 for story. e) Does the information require you to adjudge with the spokesperson when he said that consumers should not necessarily impact the decision as a nice thing? In consumers beguile they would save ? 700 except over next three years, price reduction would be on all calls. Against consumers interest cost of telephone handset would rise there is a fear of increased calls for text messages initiative of phone comp each finding some other way to nurse profits high. 6 4 4 3 4 University of Cambridge foreign Examinations 2005 Page 2 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A direct NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4General chit-chats for Section B The essay questions carry a maximum mark of 25. take heed not to bunch marks, except use the hale mark range. If there is any doubt in your mind, give the benefit of doubt to the candidate. The difference in grades should be assessed on the magnate of the candidate to demonstrate the various nonsubjectives of the examination listed in the syllabus and not purely on the ability to narrate further facts from the content of the syllabus. mark should be awarded for the ability to demonstrate that aim (b) of the syllabus has been achieved as well as aim (a) which refers to content knowledge.It is the objective of the examination, as listed in the syllabus, to assess both these aims. An overall guide for marks for individual questions is given be humble these are from a total of 25. They may be applied proportionally of course to move of questions where the total is less(prenominal) than 25 Mark 1 9 (Linked to level one in individual question notes). 1-5 where the solve is mostly irrelevant and completely contains a few valid points made incidentally in an irrelevant context. on that point will also be substantial omissions of epitome. her e the answer shows some knowledge but does not indicate that the meaning of the question has been aright grasped. Basic errors of commiting or an inadequate development of analysis may be evident. 69 Mark 10 13 (Linked to level two in individual question notes). 10 11 where there is evidence of an ability to identify facts or some ability at graphs and/or a fair ability to apply known laws to untested situations. in that respect should be an undefiled although budding story of the facts relating to the question unitedly with an explanation of the possibleness, and evidence of some bility to discriminate and form elementary judgements. Do not expect a send away logical presentation. in that location will not be much evidence of the ability to recognise surd assumptions, nor to examine the implications of a hypothesis, nor of the ability to organise ideas into a new unity. 12 13 where the answer has a more thorough relevance to the question but where the theory is inc ompletely pardoned. University of Cambridge planetary Examinations 2005 Page 3 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 14 17 (Linked to level 3 in individual question notes). 4 15 where there is a good knowledge of the facts and theory of the question, clear evidence of the ability to use the facts and theory with accurate reservoir to the question that may have presented the candidate with a novel application. There should also be evidence, where appropriate, of the ability to examine the implications of the question and an contract to cross off among facts and value judgements. Clear statements, supported by reasoned arguments should be given and there should be some attempt at a conclusion to the question. There should be a reasoned structure to the all answer.Do not expect too many scanty informative points which are not explicitly referred to in the question, do not expect too much critical translation on unstated assumptions 16 17 for an an swer showing a well reasoned sagacity of the questions requirements and of the relevant theory the analysis should be cloggy though the lesson and development may not be rattling full. 18 25 (Linked to level 4 in individual question notes). 18 20 where there is a thorough knowledge of the facts and theory with an excellent ability to describe, explain or analyse this in a precise, logical, reasoned manner.There should be an ability to query some of the assumptions in the question and clear evidence of an ability to distinguish between fact and value judgements and to draw some conclusions on the matter being discussed. Conclusions should be formed and evince within a sound structure answer so that the whole is well presented. New illustrations and apposite examples should be introduced as further evidence of an ability to recognise the principles of the question and their application to relevant current situations. 1 25 for an answer which, given the time constraint, could n ot be ameliorate significantly it will have clear analysis, ample illustration and a good attempt at considered evaluation. Be positive in your marking, awarding marks for what is there without being too much influenced by omissions. Marks should not be deleted for inaccuracies. Corresponding marks for sub-sections. tally Mark 10 Total Mark 12 Total Mark 13 Total Mark 15 1 1-3 1-4 1-4+ 1-5 2 4-5 5-6 5-6+ 6-8 3 6-7 7-8 7-8+ 9-11 4 8-10 9-12 9-13 12-15 University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Page 4Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 Section B 2 (a) Explain what is meant by efficient resource allocation in a discharge market. L4 L3 L2 L1 (b) For a sound explanation with clear understanding of the principles involved in the analysis. 8 10 For a suitable explanation but with limited development of the analysis. 6 7 For a correct explanation of a free market but rudimentary explanation of allocative efficiency. 4 5 For an answer which has some basal correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. 1 3 10 Would you agree that in some circumstances it is best to accept the decision such as that of the French government and abandon the search for scotch efficiency through the free market? 15 disputeion of the reason for market failure. Monopolies, merit goods, humans goods. Consideration of whether this major power apply in the case of the large design company. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a reasoned discussion of causes of market failure and clearly merged answer. 12 15. For a fair explanation of market failure but pretermit of development and reasoned conclusion. 9 11 For a limited but satisfying attempt to consider some market failures. 6 8 For an answer which has some fundamental correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. 1 5 3 (a) Explain how trade unions can be incorporated into the economic analysis of wage determination. 12 Candidates are asked to comment on trade unions so the economic theory of wages that they should use is that for an imperfect market. This theory should be explained using marginal revenue productivity. good deal unions can have an do on the supply curve which is now no longer just determined by market forces. Where the actual wage will be determined depends upon the relative strengths of the employer and the trade union. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a sound discussion with good explanation of the analysis and a clear understanding of the principles involved. 9 12 7 8 D and S approach For a competent comment but with limited polish of the analysis. 7 8 5-6 D and S approach For a correct explanation of start up of the analysis. Candidates efficiency explain every the government or the unions. 5 6 3+ 4 D and S approach For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substanti al. 1 4 1 3 D and S approach University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Page 5 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 (b) Discuss the possible personal gear ups that trade unions might have on the economy of a verdant. 13 Trade unions could affect the supply of labour and working practices. They could cause production to minify with consequent downward effects on income, spending and national income.Candidates could explain this using the multiplier concept. Union could, however, through negotiation prevent disruption of production, or could monitor the implementation of safety procedures which might involve extra spending by the employer. This might well have an upward effect on national income. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a reasoned and clear explanation with accurate development of theory contrasting possible outlets. 9 13 For a clear but undeveloped explanation which concentrates on change of income in one bursting charge only. 7 8 For a limit ed attempt to consider the theory and with a greater concentration on the descriptive elements. 5 6 For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis are substantial. 1 4 4 (a) With the help of diagrams distinguish between normal profit and abnormal profit. 10 Diagrams to show normal and abnormal profit with accompanying explanation of the curves used in the diagram. Candidates can distinguish between perfect and imperfect markets.L4 L3 L2 L1 For a sound explanation, good diagrams correctly labelled, with clear understanding of the principles involved in the analysis. 8 10 For a competent explanation but with limited development of the analysis. Diagrams clear but not to the full labelled. 6 7 For a correct explanation of terms but some poor diagrams. 4 5 For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. 1 3 (b) Discuss whether firms constantly want to maximise profits and are able to do so in the way suggested by economic theory. 15 Discussion of the theory of profit maximisation. Candidates should consider not only whether it is possible to calculate marginal revenue and marginal cost to achieve profit maximisation but also whether the firm might have alternative aims. Sales maximisation, behavioural, managerial, satisficing, market donation aims might be mentioned. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a reasoned discussion and clearly structured answer. 12 15 For a fair discussion but undeveloped answer mentioning either only one part of the question or both parts but only scant mention of alternative aims. 9 11 For a limited but acceptable attempt to consider the question with very limited development of either part. 6 8 For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. 1 5 University of Cambridge International Examina tions 2005 Page 6 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 5 How far do you agree that low interest rates and low inflation are the most important aims of government policy in maximising economic well-being? 25 Discussion of the general macro aims of government policy with a comment on whether the two mentioned should be regarded as the most crucial. The effect of low interest rates and low inflation and possible links between them can be developed. Reasons should be given for either choosing or not choosing these aims as the most important. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a thorough explanation of the aims, a clear analysis of the link between them, a discussion of the possible outcome of a choosing either those aims or alternatives with a reasoned conclusion. 18 25 For a competent explanation of the aims but where there is only limited attempt to consider the significance of the importance of the aims. There will be some discussion but the evaluation will not be fully de veloped or extensive. 14 17 For an accurate though undeveloped explanation with some attempt at analysis but only limited evaluation. 10 13 For an answer which shows some knowledge but does not indicate that the question has been fully grasped. The answer will have some correct facts but include irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. 1 9 6 With the approval of the Malaysian government, the Swedish company IKEA, the worlds largest retailer of home furnishings, has invested $106 million in Malaysia in the past three years. It plans to open another large store in the country, employing 450 people with expected gross sales of approximately $50 million in the first year. (Herald Tribune Aug 15 03 p 12) (a) Use the multiplier analysis to explain what effect this enthronisation might have on the Malaysian national income. 10 Discussion of the effect of increasing investment in terms of employment, income, spending, saving.Multiplier analysis. Usu ally this question is asked with reference work to government spending and investment but this is a large investment and it also will have multiplier effects. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a sound explanation of the analysis and a clear understanding of the principles involved. 8 10 For a competent comment but with limited elaboration of the analysis. 6 7 For a correct explanation of part of the analysis. Candidates might explain how investment might increase income but might not deal with further increases in as they do not discuss what leakages occur at each round. 4 5 For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. 1 3 University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005 Page 7 Mark Scheme GCE AS/A LEVEL NOVEMBER 2005 Syllabus 9708 Paper 4 (b) Discuss whether the activities of multi-national companies are always beneficial. Candidates should discuss the effects of large companies. They could c onsider whether a large company is beneficial for the shareholders, the workforce and the consumer. These groups may be in different countries.They should comment on the effect in host country where wages/incomes/employment might increase and on the possible benefits for directors (and shareholders) who may be in the home country. The multi-national might have chosen to operate in the host country because of reduced costs or cheaper inputs so a comment on the possible benefits of comparative advantage would be pertinent. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a sound discussion with good explanation of the analysis and a clear understanding of the principles involved. Reasoned evaluative comments should be given. 12 15 For a competent comment but with only limited evaluation of the effects. 9 11 For a correct discussion of the analysis but with only very brief, or no evaluation. 6 8 For an answer which has some basic correct facts but includes irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis wi ll be substantial. 1 5 15 7 There are so many difficulties in measuring stick living standards that we can neer be sure that people in one country are better off than those in another country. Comment upon this statement. 25 Candidates should consider each part of the statement.They should discuss whether there are many difficulties in measuring living standards and give reasons for their conclusion on this part of the question. They should then consider whether it is possible to compare one country with another and discuss what use national income statistics might be. They should form an overall conclusion. L4 L3 L2 L1 For a thorough explanation of the difficulties of measuring living standards, and a clear conclusion to the assertion followed by a consideration of the usefulness of using the statistics to make comparisons. 18 25 For a competent explanation of the difficulties but with a limited conclusion.There will be some consideration of comparison between countries but th is will not be fully developed or extensive. 14 17 For an accurate though undeveloped explanation with some attempt at analysis but only limited evaluation. The conclusion will be weak. 10 13 For an answer which shows some knowledge but does not indicate that the question has been fully grasped. The answer will have some correct facts but include irrelevancies. Errors of theory or omissions of analysis will be substantial. 1 9 University of Cambridge International Examinations 2005

Middle School vs. High School Essay

One, the closing of ones grade instill years, and the other, a gateway to young adulthood. Middle school and High school, twain very important times of a young persons life, share some similarities and many an(prenominal) differences. Middle school, just like its epithet explains, is the time when students are stuck in the bosom of childhood and young adulthood. spate start to mature from earlier elementary years, and try to find knocked out(p) who they are. While in the process of trying to fit in, spick-and-span mate gatherings are shaped and instead of being one big group of people, circles form and groups are segregated.In addition to more than gradmates and teachers, responsibilities increase as students take on the load of multiple classes, and now receive grades for their work. Teachers enquire them to participate actively in class, and complete their assignments on time. Although it solitary(prenominal) lasts 3 years, plaza school is the critical transitional p eriod when new teachers, new classmates, more classes, and more work are introduced any to prepare you for spirited school. After 8th grade, people leave the middle school bubble, and take in to the jungle of senior mellow school.Not only is the campus physically larger, further class sizes increase, and great expectations come along with it. Although middle school may wear seemed like a challenge, high school comes with once again more work and more responsibilities. For students, high school is a sink or swim moment, and some struggle to stay afloat. Some may direct trouble focusing in school, but the ideal student is complemental their homework on time, studying for their exams, attending practice for their extracurricular activities, and achieving a respectable grade point average, that provide all pay remove and get them into their dream college.Not only is the work diametrical amid the two environments, but so is the amount of freedom students get. In middle schoo l, kids are restrained to a certain curriculum. The schedule they get, is the schedule they get, and vigour is changing. Part of their schedule, tiffin, is also a time that is also very different in middle school. All students are required to eat lunch in the same room at the same time, and lunches include a choice between mystery meat, or last weeks hot dogs disguised as soup.Contrary to middle school, in high school, students are granted much more freedom. Students can choose which classes they will take, what teachers they have, what groups or clubs they will participate in, what sports they will play, and much more. Not only can students choose all of their activities, but students also have many options for what they want to eat. High schools much carry popular foods such as subway, burgers, and French fries, and healthy foods such as fruit, and salads.Just in field of study the school food is not good enough, many high schools often allow upperclassman to leave for lunch t o enjoy a meal in their own home, or food from another restaurant. Overall, high school and middle school are both made to prepare students for higher education, but are very different in many aspects. As we all grow older, we can see how we have changed from middle school to high school, and can see the many distinctions between the two.

Human Capital Theory

To what extent atomic number 50 Hu musical composition Capital scheme provide a plausible explanation for in opposeities in the labour market? Illustrate your answer with archetypes of labour-market seg handstation tied to race or sex activity or social class. Introduction Human jacket crown theory sack up be set as studies of organisations, single(a)s or nations which accumulates stock of productive skills and technical k straight offledge from study of investments (Becker, 1964). By fol brokening the judgement of gay peachy theory it displace be said that it represents a path for the individual to develop his or her charisma to the labour market .Human swell theory is used as a analysis of theoretical wander , schooling of competence , formal education and job tenure in all likelihood argon the crucial aspects for the individuals perceived employ mightiness. As a result investment of individuals in these respects would be essential factors in identifying their perc eptions of the possibilities that exist for gaining new employment (Judge and Bretz, 1994 et al, 1995). Efficiency losses and Gender differencesIn recent times around 50 % of woman around the being are in the labour force officially, approximately 1/ tertiary of all reporters are constituted by womens. Work un stipendiary performed by womanlys most of them because following the tradition of division of labour within spirit of employment on family farms . Although it attracts pay, mens work is valued more than than womens. Earnings of women is normally average around 2/3rd of mens . In general, simply 1/5th of worlds wages accrue to women partly because they are engaged usually in low paid-jobs.Still in these jobs, payment is less usually to women liken to men instead doing comparable work (Bergmann, 1971), the result of diversity and elision of women are solely the gender differences in labour market, to evaluate a method the outturn and wage are affected under conditions of diversity it has been projected in the context of racial segregation, According to (Tzannatos, 1988) this method can be extended to apply in context of gender on the basis of assumption that men and women have same military man roof and p savoir-faire.This exercise is preceded in both steps, in beginning it estimate the output in present conditions, namely, when differences occupational and wage within industries. Secondly, output is re-estimated assume within industries are eliminated due to occupational differences, Therefore differences betwixt two estimates of output provided when at that place is maximum welfare gains indicated it can be achieved, mollify characteristic and preferences are same of women as discriminate to men and as treated in labour market.For Example UNESCO 1999 In India , women around 88 % in higher education opted to major(ip)s in arts and craft but 1 % of women choose occupations like engineering . low paying jobs are choose by majority of women in Kerala like nurses , clerks , shoal teachers and typists. Dreze and Sen, 1996) Kerala which ranks scratch within states of India in Gender development and Human development Index, In fact female in Kerala enjoyed a better lieu in society than other females in rest of the part of India and although a male child is considered to be more of import compare to female in India but in Kerala it is different eluding, women exceeds 1000 to males Except districts such(prenominal) as Wayanad and Idukki. According to census conducted in India, Kerala outnumbered men, the independence and pride among the women in Kerala has instilled in them (Jeffrey, 1987).In Some countries, women who are married are prevented from work due to law or by strong social customs, in late 1970s and early 1980s it was true in Korea and lacquer in which women had to left their jobs due to marriage (Horton, 1994), although in Korea it is no longitudinal to discriminate against women married in dismiss al and promotion, hiring in discrimination is still un punishable due to law and remained sex stereotyped in japan ,Discrimination against married women is still carried and permitted in Indonesia and due to the law husband is identified as the household head.Provisions such as results in functional women or women workers being left with the last option that is into dead-end jobs, although first to lay off but still paid low wages, This inhibit womens incentive to remain in labour force to human capital. Treatment for the married workers in the family can be strengthen the conventional specialization of labour with in the statistical discrimination and household .From the stance of Cigno (1994) thither is existence of gender biases in various forms, more much in family preaching as a tax creates disincentives to work for women and revenue due to joint tends women to stay at home rather than check taxation due to the higher marginal taxes that the earnings of worker which is c onsidered vicarious or usually, the wife attract . axation if separated may increase incentives of women era working and might result in greater participation as compare to the husband in domestic activities. Apart from this area Gustaffson (1995) believed that dissociate laws not to oblige fathers to support their children. Additionally, the financial ability was lacked by women to main course the courts . hile enabled legal provisions that equal sharing of responsibilities and child care among parents, on work constraints womens are relaxed and eased so p explicity declined among mothers for an causa authorities in Sweden serious attempts are made to identify the fathers to polish off them share the cost of finance for the child rearing die to this there is increase in price of children to men and indirectly there is simplification in the fertility which results in beneficial make to welfare of women and work . Trzcinski and Alpert, 1994) maternalism leave deals with whic h is physically demanded by new mothers and pregnant mothers and there is variation in the provisions maternity regulation among the developed countries for example in Canada there is 15 weeks leave where as in U. S. A only 6 weeks and provisions of maternity also differs such as private one or national system . here as in Philippines and Thailand the family extended has enables women to work after the family formation by heavy(p) the day care facility and in some South Asiatic countries and African Countries children are not constituted as a major barrier for female in labour force participation and uncomplete there is reduction of potential duration of working life compare to men . There are two types of lawmakings- 1. Equity promoting legislations It is known as the requirement that women and men are paid equal wages or have equal opportunities. 2. Protective legislationsIn short it consist of maternity , hazardous and iniquity work it is go overn that this legislation is more valuable to women than was legislation to ensure the conditions exploited women face during the industrialization. (Goldin, 1990) According Mason (1988) Protective legislation to women can lead to discrimination statistical against the group deem to make such kind of regulation usually helps out who are already working but hampers which are seeking for a job in the protected sector or it can create blockage between both covered and un covered sectors .For example restriction on night work from specific work can excessively reduce ability of women to compete effectively in the labour market. In countries like Britain, recent Zealand, Canada and Greece female pay used to be prescribed as reference to male pay underpayment of women was depended in two things and first thing is man was considered usually to look after and support a family and be paid family wage by which he can support him and his family, secondly it was considered women working for her own as single and married for additional family income. MacDonald, 1994) Wage tantrum of this kind refection of existing norms. This type of wage setting was suitable for employers on the basis of short run-minimization of cost considerations. while the differential pay rate for men and women workers was removed from law and single wage rate was added in the law due to this gender pay gap was reduced in some of the cases. Previously female and male wage rates were replaced by rates for light and heavy work .According Ehrenberg and Smith, (1987) in the case of gender differences of pay by employment segregation instead of anisometric pay in the same job or employment and overt wage is illegal and discriminative, Schemes such as job evaluation can be undertaken to check a cook or carpenter is deserving in resemblance, although it is true that both work requires same level of study , esponsibility and effort, possibly cook are mostly womens and carpenter are mens in this case labour market go forth first assign lower wage to cook than carpenter . It is not fair as two comparable workers in terms of human capital characteristics will be awarded differently and it has been proved by having a glance at evidence in U. S. A that it has adverse effect on employment by following the comparable worth principle. closureThis concludes that a labour market perspective, and most important recommendations of this is that policies should treat return and unpaid work as recognized economic activities, secondly the legislations are important timely but not be over designed and case of economies indicates that women workers faces risk of poverty that were traditionally borne by enterprises are now lost such family leave, day care, child allowances.It also explains the discrimination faced by women and inequality done in labour market sectionalization tied to gender and race and also due to the unfair law followed in earlier times by many countries but in these some legislations proved to be suc cessful such as equal payment to men and women in developed countries and facts such as comparison of labour resulted in unfair wage distribution found by evidence from U. S. AWe also know that how women are considered less valuable in some countries in comparison to men and how it affects the women society and indirectly the human capital of women workers and moreover it can be seen that it is male dominated, genuine action plan worked in developed countries but not in other countries and from example of India we can see the selection of work of women that is the low wage work selection due to this women are lacking crapper because of decision-making ability compare to men ,Thus from the above essay we can see the inequalities and problems faced by women while surviving in the human capital labour market .References- Becker, G. S. (1964). Investment in human capital A theoretical analysis. daybook of Political Economy, 70, 9-49 Bergmann, B. (1971) The effect on white incomes of discrimination in employment. Journal of Political Economy 79(2), 294313 Tzannatos, Z. (1988) The long run effects of the sex integration of the British labour market. Journal of Economic Studies. 15(1), 118 Judge, T. A. and R. D. Bretz (1994) Political Influence Behavior and Career success, Journal of Management 20(1) 4365 . Judge, T. A. , D. M. Cable, J. W. Boudreau and R. D.Bretz (1995) An Empirical Inves- tigation of the Predictors of Executive Career Success, Personnel Psychology 48(3) 485519 UNESCO. Report of Expert Group Meeting on Training of Women Graduates in the Development Process, Thailand, February 1999 Dreze, Jean, and Amartya Sen. India Economic Development and mixer Opportunity. Delhi Oxford University Press, 1996 Jeffrey, Robin. Governments and close How Women Made Kerala Literate. Pacific Affairs 60 (Autumn 1987) 447472 Cigno, A. (1994) Social security, the tax treatment of couples and the position of women.Paper presented at the Gender Symposium, World Bank, Poverty and Social insurance policy Department, World Bank, Washington, DC Horton, S. (1994) Women and Industrialization in Asia, Routledge, London Gustaffson, R. (1995) champion mothers in Sweden Why is poverty less severe. In Katherine McFate, Roger Lawson and William Julius Wilson (Eds. ), Poverty, Inequality and the forthcoming of Social Policy Western States in the New World Order, Russell keen-witted Foundation, New York Trzcinski, E. , Alpert, W. T. (1994) Pregnancy and parental leave benefits in the United States and Canada legal decisions and legislation.Journal of Human Resources. 29(2), 535555 Mason, M. A. (1988) The Equality Trap Why Working Women Should not be Treated Like Men. New York MacDonald, M. (1994) Social security policy and gender, Paper presented at the Gender Symposium, World Bank, Poverty and Social Policy Department, Washington DC Goldin, C. (1990) Understanding the Gender Gap An Economic invoice of American Women. Cambridge University Press, Cambri dge Ehrenberg, R. , Smith, R. (1987) Comparable worth wage adjustments and female employment in the state and local sector. Journal of Labor Economics 5(1), 4362

False Memories in Psychology Apa Style Essay

Condition in which a souls identity and interpersonal relationships be centered around a fund of traumatic experience which is objectively fictional alone in which the person strongly believes. Note that the syndrome is not characterized by false memories as such(prenominal)(prenominal). We all in all have memories that argon inaccurate. Rather, the syndrome may be diagnosed when the repositing is so deeply ingrained that it orients the individuals entire personality and lifestyle, in turn disrupting all sorts of opposite adaptive behaviorFalse w atomic number 18housing Syndrome is especially destructive because the person assiduously avoids confrontation with any testify that might challenge the keeping. Thus it takes on a life of its own, encapsulated and large-minded to correction. The person may become so focused on holding that he or she may be effectively distracted from make do with the real problems in his or her life. A false memory is a memory which is a dist ortion of an actual experience, or a conversation of an imagined one.Many false memories involve confusing or mixing fragments of memory events, near of which may have happened at different times nevertheless which are mobilizeed as occurring together. Many false memories involve an error in source memory. Some involve treating dreams as if they were playbacks of real experiences. Still other false memories are believed to be the result of the prodding, leading, and suggestions of therapists and counselors. Finally, Dr. Elizabeth Loftus has shown not only that it is accomplishable to implant false memories, but that it is relatively easy to do so (Loftus, 1994).A memory of your mother throwing a glass of milk on your father when in fact it was your father who threw the milk is a false memory based upon an actual experience. You may remember the event vividly and be able to see the action clearly, but only certificate by those present can determine whether your memory of the ev ent is accurate. Distortions such as switching the roles of people in ones memory are quite common. Some distortions are quite dramatic, such as the following examples of false memories due to confusion about the source of the memory. A woman criminate memory expert Dr. Donald Thompson of having usurpationd her.Thompson was doing a proceed interview for a television program just before the rape occurred. The woman had seen the program and apparently confused her memory of him from the television veil with her memory of the rapist (Schacter, 1996, 114). Jean Piaget, the great child psychologist, claimed that his earliest memory was of nearly being kidnapped at the age of 2. He remembered details such as sitting in his baby carriage, watching the nurse give herself against the kidnapper, scratches on the nurses mettle, and a police officer with a short cloak and a white baton chasing the kidnapper away.The business relationship was reinforced by the nurse and the family and oth ers who had heard the paper. Piaget was convinced that he remembered the event. However, it never happened. Thirteen years after the alleged kidnapping attempt, Piagets argue nurse wrote to his parents to confess that she had made up the entire story. Piaget later wrote I therefore must have heard, as a child, the account of this story and projected it into the past in the form of a visual memory, which was a memory of a memory, but false (Tavris).Remembering being kidnapped when you were an child ( to a lower place the age of three) is a false memory, almost by definition. The left subordinate prefrontal lobe is undeveloped in childs, but is required for long-term memory. The blow up encoding required for classifying and remembering such an event cannot occur in the infants brain. The brains of infants and very young children are capable of storing fragmentize memories, however. Fragmented memories can be disturbing in bigs. Schacter notes the case of a rape victim who co uld not remember the rape, which took place on a brick pathway.The words brick and path kept popping into her mind, but she did not colligate them to the rape. She became very upset when taken back to the scene of the rape, though she didnt remember what had happened there (Schacter 1996, 232). Whether a fragmented memory of infant demoralize can cause significant psychological damage in the adult has not been scientifically established, though it seems to be widely believed by many an(prenominal) psychotherapists. What is too widely believed by many psychotherapists is that many psychological disorders and problems are due to the repression of memories of puerility intimate ridicule.On the other hand, many psychologists economise that their colleagues doing keep down memory therapy (RMT) are encouraging, prodding, and suggesting false memories of abhorrence to their perseverings. Many of the recovered(p) memories are of being sexually abused by parents, grandparents, and ministers. Many of those accused claim the memories are false and have sued therapists for their alleged role in creating false memories. It is as unlikely that all recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse are false as that they are all certain.What is live about memory makes it especially difficult to sort out true from distorted or false recollections. However, some consideration should be devoted to the fact that certain brain processes are necessary for any memories to occur. Thus, memories of infant abuse or of abuse that took place while one was unconscious are unlikely to be accurate. Memories that have been directed by dreams or hypnosis are notoriously unreliable. Dreams are not usually direct playbacks of experience. Furthermore, the data of dreams is generally ambiguous.Hypnosis and other techniques that ply upon a persons suggestibility must be used with great caution lest one create memories by suggestion rather than pry them loose by careful questioning. Furthe rmore, memories are often mixed some parts are accurate and some are not. Separating the two can be a chore under ordinary circumstances. A woman might have consciously repressed childhood sexual abuse by a neighbor or relative. Some experience in adulthood may serve as a retrieval cue and she remembers the abuse. This disturbs her and disturbs her dreams.She has nightmares, but now it is her father or grandfather or priest who is abusing her. She enters RMT and within a few months she recalls vividly how her father, mother, grandfather, grandmother, priest, etc. , not only sexually abused her but occupied in horrific satanic rituals involving human sacrifices and cannibalism. Where does the truth lie? The perseverings memories are real and horrible, even if false. The patients harm is real whether the memories are true or false. And families are destroyed whether the memories are true or false.Should such memories be taken at face value and accepted as true without any attempt to canvas otherwise? Obviously it would be unconscionable to ignore accusations of sexual abuse. Likewise, it is unconscionable to be willing to see lives and families destroyed without at least toilsome to view out if any part of the memories of sexual abuse is false. It similarly seems inhumane to encourage patients to recall memories of sexual abuse (or of being abducted by aliens) unless one has a very ripe reason for doing so.Assuming all or most emotional problems are due to repressed memories of childhood sexual abuse is not a life-threatening enough reason to risk harming a patient by encouraging delusional beliefs and electronegative familial relationships. Assuming that if you cant disprove that a patient was abducted by aliens, so he probably was, is not a good enough reason. A responsible therapist has a duty to garter a patient sort out delusion from reality, dreams and confabulations from truth, and real abuse from imagined abuse.If good therapy means the encou ragement of delusion as standard procedure, then good therapy may not always be worth it. Finally, those who find that it is their duty to determine whether a person has been sexually abused or whether a memory of such abuse is a false memory, should be well versed in the current scientific literature regarding memory. They should know that all of us are pliable and suggestible to some degree, but that children are especially vulnerable to suggestive and leading questioning.They should also remember that children are highly imaginative and that just because a child says he or she remembers something does not mean that he or she does. However, when children say they do not remember something, to keep questioning them until they do remember it, is not good interrogation. Investigators, counselors, and therapists should also remind themselves that many charges and memories are heavily influenced by media coverage. People charged with or convicted of crimes have spy that their chances of gaining sympathy profit if others believe they were abused as children.People with grudges have also noticed that nothing can destroy another person so chop-chop as being charged with sexual abuse, while at the corresponding time providing the accuser with sympathy and comfort. Emotionally disturbed people are also influenced by what they read, see, or hear in the mass media, including stories of repressed abuse as the cause of emotional problems. An emotionally disturbed adult may accuse another adult of abusing a child, not because there is good evidence of abuse, but because the disturbed person imagines or fears abuse. In short, investigators should not rush to judgment.

Prejudice and Justice System

I believe that prejudice exists in the criminal judge system. Numerous studies bind evidence that have shown prejudice on defendants of color. well-disposed scientists conclude that compared to white defendants, minority groups face a greater lot of prison and severe fates for identical offenses (Killing With Prejudice). Nearly 51 percent of individuals in a study conducted in Philadelphia, believe that police are to a greater extent liable(predicate) to use excessive force against black or Hispanic suspects than white suspects.Minorities are more likely to be victims of police brutality. non only are minorities treated poorly but also poem of minorities are sent to trail for non-violent crimes because of discrimination (Racial Discrimination). Of the nearly 2. 1 cardinal adult men and women imprisoned in the United States, roughly 70% are persons of color. People of color are imprisoned disproportionately collect to racist laws, and are harassed and mistreated by U.S. ag encies. Although people of color commit most crimes at the same rate as gabardines, the mismatched targeting and treatment of people of color throughout the criminal justice system, from halt to sentencing, results in the disproportionate imprisonment of people of color (System as Racist). Hispanics and Blacks who have no criminal record are far more likely to be sentenced than White defendants with no criminal record.Hispanics are twice as likely as Whites to face prison time instead of probation, a fine, or time in a county jail (Racial Prejudice). Blacks are more likely to be sentenced to prison for the same crime than Whites. One ternion of people of color sentenced to prison would have received a shorter sentence if they had been treated in court the same way as White defendants facing similar charges (System as Racist).

Management Accounting Assignment

602 focus Accounting David Xu Id 65990771 Session Preparation Assignment (SPA) 2 Understanding aboriginal Cost Relationships 1. Read Chapter 2 of SN, mark meanings in the Chapter. Understanding rouge court in a unassailable is the most important add in shell outment accounting. T wear is because business survives on value exchange. Customers and business argon willing to exchange m wholenessy and services (products) based on the damages. How products price offer effect a firms financial wellness is very important for managers. Cost objects atomic number 18 the disparate aspects of a firms operation, or products, it is essential concept in management accounting.If not properly handled, address objects washstand hinder, not help, the manager to understand to come withs reality. The drill here is very easy to explain the situation. in like manner speak to objects be vital to planning, motivation, and controlling. In some cases, manager makes decision to close or open spic-and-span store in a region based on the cost objects. We can also uplift products as cost object, normally happen in manufacture business. Because assemblage accounting makes a number of judgement and assumptions and all that are subjective, so it is common that managers sometimes understate or overstate a participations net profit in a period.Direct cost and validating cost VS Raw Material and Maintenance cost The main business in NZ and Australia are service business, mostly dealing with people. Cadbury is a nigh(a) ideal for manufacture business. Product cost and period cost. The later is a new concept and is not difficult to understand. Apportion indirect cost. Deciding indirect cost in a company is often not unbiased and sometimes involving a number of judgements and assumptions. We can attach overhead cost to products to better understanding the reality. Function based be arrangement regulate Overhead Absorption ratesActivity based costing systems Variab le be are normally direct costs, it is used in the cost of work-in-progress and finished good inventories of products. Fixed and variable star costs VS Rates and Raw Materials Variable cost and companys legal action level Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis Use of unravel can help to understand the digest Very good example to explain the case Contribution margin = Sales Variable be Managers have to make some assumption to in terms of how cost and profits may change at diametric level of activity 2. Think back to your answers to Section 3 in SPA1. hat might be the key costs of Ryman Healthcare Ltd? What might be the key issues facing Ryman in terms of managing its costs? Why do you think this? What might be the key cost relationship that you would accept to deeply understand in order to be able to manage the business of Ryman Healthcare? The key costs according to the principles of cost objects, they can be 1) Costs to maintain the retirement villages, including nursing cost, medica l cost, and so on 2) Costs to construct retirement villages, including building materials, mortgages and interests, etc. ) Costs to commercialise in selling the retirement village units, including advertise, commercials, etc. 4) Logistics costs, includes warehouse, etc. 5) Overheads, including power, rates, security, etc. If I am the CEO of Ryman Healthcare, I think the key issues in managing the costs will be 1) Hidden costs between different departments in the company. These costs are usually indirect costs in Ryman Healthcare Ltd, like costs to fix leaky buildings in the village units, ever increasing financial costs in the recession economy. ) How to properly apportion indirect costs to Rymans main service, occupation rights of various(prenominal) retirement village units. We have to make some judgement and assumptions in the process. For example, when fix a leaky buildings, the costs can be categorize in building maintenance costs when financial costs increases because of the financial crisis (more difficult to borrow money), it can be categorized to structure costs. 3) To analysis the flash-frozen and variable costs in the company. Fixed costs are staff wages, electricity, rates, etc. variable osts are village unit construction cost, outsourcing nursing cost when extra help needed, etc. The key lying-in here is to increase profits and also put the variable costs under control, which is big challenge to CEO in Ryman Healthcare. 4) Use different methods in dealing different department of the company. We can use functional-based costing system method in construction department, and use activity-based costing system in nursing department in apportioning of the indirect costs. Key cost relationship in Ryman Healthcare The cost relationship can be best expressed in Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis (CVP).Function y is variable cost and x is number of village unit, then y = f(x). We happen upon that variable cost is straight-line function, which means when v illage units increases, the variable costs (costs to widen the villages) increase in the same trend. In reality, when hold onning a retirement village, it has a minimum cost regardless how many units are occupied. We grouse this minimum cost is M. We also use C as cost to run each unit, the total variable costs can be represented as Y = M + C x X Y variable cost M minimum cost to run a village, it is obstinate cost C cost to run one village unitX number of village units From the financial statements of Ryman, it has $40 million profits last year, way above break-even point, so we will focus on minimising the total cost. In the above function, if we increase the number of units X, and keep fixed cost at a certain level, then the average fixed cost per unit will reduce. Here we also assume that cost to run per unit is hard to reduce and unchanged at a certain level of village units, and used as constant here. In this CVP analysis, CEO of Ryman Healthcare can deeply understand the cost relationship between fixed cost and variable costs.

Office Equipment Written Answers Essay

KNOWLEDGE & UNDERSTANDING QUESTIONSUnit 221Use mapping EquipmentLearnerSignatureAssessorSignatureDate outlet 1 Know about several(predicate) types of office equipment and its recitations1.1 Identify the different types of equipment and their usesphones & e-mail allow people to pass you. Computers allow you to process business data, send pictures, pdf files and other files to customers, and vendors. Computers to design ads, budgets, as well as tracking and paying employees. printers and copiers to bulk create documents in the least expensive track possible. Hole punches to allow paperwork to be put in binders or small folders easily. Answering machines to pick up preoccupied calls. Post it notes to add importance to voice mail. Servers to allow multiple computers to plan of attack the same data.1.2 Describe their different features and what they tolerate be use for?Computers Email, countersign processing, internet, databases, file storage Computers rump be utilize for con tact and similarly researching things on the internet. Computers washstand likewise be used to type superior garner or emails to customers. Files made can also be save onto the computers memory and then can be edited or used again. Computers be also good for designing ads, look at budgets and can be used to track the payment of employees. Answering machines Answering machines argon used to pick up messages that people whitethorn choose go away field you it is normally used to ring customers back if you have missed their call. A good form of positive customer service. Photocopier & Printer The printer is used to print off any work you have done on the computer or any files you have been sent or downloaded. close veritable(a)ly used for printing letter to customers and vendors. Photo copiers can argon used to sham hard copies of files. You get small copiers which still copy files, or you can get a copier that can also print and scan documents to your computer.1.3 Explain wherefore different types of equipment are chosen for tasks and what they are used for (e.g. to produce booklets)1) Computers are used to write letters and communicate be former letters look more professional when typed out, and by communicating online via email, it stops the use of more paper.2) Printers and Photocopiers These are used because not all things can be done electronically, for example if a letter needed direct to lots of people, a hardcopy could be photocopied lots of times. Or if you have the letter template al straightaway on your computer, you can print lots of copies consequent 2 show the purpose of the take aftering instruction manual and health and gum elastic functions2.1 Why is it important to quest after manufacturers instructions when operate equipment?manufacturing businesss instructions are usually in nursing home to not yet protect the equipment from existence damaged, but to also stop you getting wound apply the equipment. Instructions are there to make indisputable you receive how to use the equipment properly and how to use it without faults.2.2. Why is it important to follow organisational instructions when utilize equipment?Organisational instructions are instructions that organisations put in place, they may have policies on how much you print or who can use the equipment for safety soils. They may only have a photocopier in reception reach so they know exactly who is use it and when. It is important to follow instructions of an organisation because they are normally put in place to help things list more smoothly and also for the safety of the staff.2.3 What are the health and safety procedures for using different types of equipment?There should always be a risk assessment in place for possible accidents in the office, health and safety procedures in the office may be as simple as putting your bag under your desk to stop slips and trips. The about common injury is caused by manual handling moving omino us equipment in the wrong way can cause strains and pulled muscles. Another procedure that may be in place is, no fluids at your desk. If you were to going fluids, it may cause an electrocution hazard 2.4 Why is it important to follow health and safety procedures when using equipment?Health and safety procedures are in place to protect anyone from injury or harm, theyre there to prevent any hazards that may come into play in the office. In distinguish to keep yourself and your colleagues safe, the procedures should be followed.2.5 Why is it important to keep equipment dissipated and salutary?You may not be the only person having to use the equipment and it is only courtesy to keep the equipment as you found it. Equipment should be kept clean and hygienic to prevent picking up illnesses such as common cold and flu, and also to keep it pleasant. A sticky desk or keyboard and a crumby desk isnt the nicest mess to tidy up when it isnt your own. answer 3 Understand how to use equipme nt in a way that minimises abscond3.1 Give examples of waste when using equipmentThe biggest source of waste is paper, every time a letter is opened, the envelope is thrown away, and when printing goes wrong the paper is thrown away. sign cartridges from printers and photocopiers are thrown away when empty, as are multiple pens when they run out of ink.3.2 Give examples of ways to reduce wasteThere are multiple ways to reduce waste, one of them being electronically. If people have email accounts, then letters can be sent this way rather than via post. Another way is to recycle waste, although maybe this may cause the same amount of waste, it will be used to make some other batch of usable paper or other supplies.3.3 Explain why you should minimise wasteReducing waste saves money and also is eco friendly. By printing on both sides of paper, the cost of paper is decreased by half. It can also maximise space in the office, by having little paper supplies around the office, more spa ce becomes available in its place.Outcome 4 Know about the different types of problems that may occur when using equipment and how to hired hand with them4.1 Give examples of equipment problemsTechnical faults can happen veritable(a)ly in an office where lots of equipment is used in one place. Faults can include power shortages, phone line faults and technical faults on computers. Other faults can include issues with the printers or copiers and also issues with shortages of stationary. In order to prevent these issues, regular checks should be carried out on stocks and also the electrical equipment.4.2 Explain why you should follow manufacturers instruction and organisation procedures when dealing with problemsManufacturers instructions ensure you are using the equipment in the skilful way and so reduces the chances or breakages via using the equipment wrongly. Organisations procedures make sure that the equipment is being used appropriately and so only the things that need to b e printed or copied should be. Both of these should help prevent problems, but should also helpyou deal with problems when they arise.4.3 Give examples of how to deal with problemsA technical issue should always be reported to the technician who knows how to deal with the problem. But the ideal way to deal with these problems is regular checks on the equipment to make sure no issues are arising.Outcome 5 Understand the purpose of showdown work standards and deadlines5.1 Explain the purpose of meeting work standards and deadlines when using equipmentIf there are standards and deadlines in place for using equipment, its probably for a good reason. For example, you may get a task to type, print and send out a number of letters before a certain time. You should follow these deadlines as there is a possibility that the letter is of high importance and may contain valuble learning which they will need for a certain time. This is the same for any deadline, there will be an importance beh ind the deadline which will be the reason you have to have the task done for a certain time.Outcome 6 Understand the purpose of leaving equipment and the work area ready for the next user6.1 Explain the purpose of leaving equipment and the work area ready for the next userLeaving the equipment ready for the next user is manners, maybe the next people who use your work area riding habit need the stationery youve been using and wont be using the same equipment youve been using. To have your area ready for the next person, make sure you leave it exactly how you found it when you started the day. Make sure its left how you would want to find it when you start work

Ophelias madness

Also, Aphelia cannot chat herself the way the men around her can, reserving he r to a alone of emotions, which, in addition to macrocosmness left stranded later on the men in her life essentially disappear, bursts into her ultimate insanity. Every soul with influence in Aphelions life are men atomic number 84, her set about, critical point, her lover, and Alerter, her chum. These are the state who precisely about o f the time dictate her decisions for her. In the showtime scene of the play involving Aphelia, h tramp lines are not galore(postnominal) in number or lengthy by any means.This is because Polonium an d Alerter sp curiosity the bulk of the scene instructing her. Both men reject her from try gusting Hamlets love. Alerter says, His greatness weighed, his will is not his own. For he himself is reduce to his birth. (1. 3. 1718) Alerter is aspect that Hamlet cannot be devoted to her because his focus has to be on Denmark as the heir to the thro one. He also tell s her to protect her virginity, which is a very peremptory statement a ND possibly an uncomfortable command to come from your brother.Polonium in the as me scene after Alerter leaves forbids Aphelia from seeing Hamlet again, sexual relation her Ha melt may walk with a larger attach(125) than she, meaning her standards are stricter t Han his ND that she cannot partake in his lifestyle. It is straightaway impossible for Aphelia to tarry duteous to her father and be true to her love, Hamlet. In act 3, Aphelia prove s this by lying to Hamlet roughly her fathers whereabouts in a spy trap Claudia and POI onus set up with her. Hamlet recognizes he is under surveillance and ultimately tells O aphelia he is cutting her off.Aphelia loses her lover Hamlet because of the decision to b e obedient to Polonium, which ironically, is a similar obedience Hamlet has for his own fat her. world a woman, Aphelia is held to a different standard than the men around err which doesnt allow her to ex press herself the way they can based on emotion n. Hamlet plays insanity in a tactic to eventually halt revenge, while Alerter storms the ca steel on motives to avenge his fathers demise. Aphelia, however, must remain relatively passive.The rejection of her lover and murder of her father causes insurmountable fee lings of anger, stress, and frustration, and with no avenue for these feelings to escape , she must keep them boiling inside. Eventually, she starts taking these intimate fruits actions and sorrows out on herself. Upon ACTA, both Hamlet and Aphelia are fatherless FRR ruder, moreover these similar circumstances do not call for similar reactions. It cost old be absurd for Aphelia to seek revenge as Hamlet has for the his father. This is La raters role as he declares, only Ill be revenged most thoroughly for my father. (4. 5. 135136). Being a man, avenging his father is expected, while Aphelions expectations ARQ Eire her to remain silent on the case even though her feeli ngs for her father are just a s intense as her brother. At this point with the go by of Alerter, Aphelia has already boiled over into insanity. Being habituated to the non independent lifestyle subject to the com ands of he men around her, she is at a loss when that business office has essentially Addis appeared. Her father is dead, her brother is away at school, and Hamlet is being export d to England for killing Polonium.Hijacked of this independence, Aphelia inevitably is led to her own end with no turning back. Up to this point Aphelia was retain deed, only dissertation few lines, and mainly those lines were in response to a man. After being instructed to stay away from Hamlet in act 1, she simply responds to end the scene, I shall obey, my lord . 4. 136). After her madness ensued, she almost seems lie berated from her reserves, and leads the stage. In Act 4, she is the focus of the stage I n scene 5. She sings without embarrassment, says what she is cerebration and feels, and everyone listens to her. Unfortunately, though everyone is listening, they are not under standing what she is expressing, only associating her songs and speech communication with her madden Additionally, Aphelions madness can be last traced, but not limited to, the dead h of her father. Most of her songs of madness refer to her father, identical in act 4, s cone 5, Sings. Larded with sweet flowers, which between to the sincere did go with truelove meaning she has been crying over the death Of her father . In one Eng Aphelia refers to Hamlet saying, Quota she, before you tumbled me, you promised me to wed. Meaning Hamlet promised to marry her if she came to bed with him, but the following few lines, So would I ha done, by yonder sun, an thou heads not come to my bed. (4. 5. 6265) show Hamlets deceitful duple standard where he says he wouldve married her if she wouldnt have come to his bed. accustom to the precept that she must be fully obedient to her father polo anus, Ap helia is part when he commands her to stay away from her lover, Hamlet. This inner strife erodes her mind because she cannot express these conflicting emotion to anyone.Instead, because of the differences between an honorable lady and a self-coloured man of this time period, Aphelia is expected to remain neutral on the events in her life, even after her father is murdered by Hamlet, whom she once love . Being habituated to the men in her life commanding most of her decisions, Aphelia IS non raceway of ruin when these men essentially disappear (Polonium her father is dead d, Alerter her brother is overseas, and Hamlet is on his way to England). Accordingly, the e bottled feelings inside her having no reserve any longer, release out all at once, cause Eng her omelet fundamental change and obvious insanity.Had Aphelia disobeyed her father and given herself to her lover Hamlet, her fathers death may have never coco red, for Hamlet was driven into blatant anger when he was betrayed by her, losing the e last person he had to trust. Though a minor character, Aphelions impact is a pope remorseful one. Her madness was inevitable and reflective of the situation women of her time were often in, being subject to the male dominance which prevailed. Equality amongst m en and women is important, for a double standard is an impossible one to operate WI thin whilst maintaining a healthy sanity.