Exploration of how Shakespeare creates dramatic effect and impact in the two fight scenes Essay Example

Exploration of how Shakespeare creates dramatic effect and impact in the two fight scenes Essay Shakespeares play Romeo and Juliet is a tragic story of conflict caused by contrasting emotions of love and hate between two feuding families (the Capulets and the Montagues), ending in violence and sorrow.Prologue:The Prologue, spoken before the play, reveals the main plot to the audience and prepares them for the themes in the play, as well as giving some background information to set the scene. It also introduces the characters and the scene of the play- two households, both alike in dignity, in fair Verona where we lay our scene. This introduces the two equally-noble families and the city where they live, and it goes on to say, from ancient grudge break to new mutiny. From this the audience learns that there has been a feud between the families for a long time, and that it remains a source of violent and bloody conflict- Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean.The next part of the Prologue introduces the two main characters in the play- from forth the fatal loins of these two foes, a pair of star-crossd lovers take their life. This part reveals that the star crossd lovers Romeo and Juliet are both from the two different conflicting families; Juliet is a Capulet and Romeo is a Montague. Star crossd refers to their destiny in the stars, providing a sense of definite fate. It also tells the audience that Romeo and Juliet die, before the play has even begun. This means the audience will be noticing the things that lead up to their terrible fate (which in the end brings peace to both houses).Act 1 Scene 1:The stage direction at the beginning of the first scene states that Capulet servants Sampson and Gregory are armed with sword and bucklers-this implies they are ready to fight at all times. It emphasizes that there is never a time when the two enemies are at peace with each other, and that anything could lead to a fight. The two servants are instantly shown to have vicious attitudes towards the Montagues, and will not hesitate to provoke violence. Sampson t alks casually about how he would fight with the Montagues and violate their women; I will show myself a tyrant: when I have fought with the men, I will be cruel with the maids: I will cut off their heads. They have no mercy for the opposing enemies, eager to see bloodshed of the Montagues.When Gregory and Sampson meet with Abram and another servant from the Montague household, the first sparks of hostility arise, and with the entrance of the hate-filled Capulet Tybalt, the quarrelling quickly escalates into brutal violence. Benvolio, a Montague (Romeos friend and cousin), enters at the same time as Tybalt, but instead protests to the fight, telling his fellow Montagues to part and asking Tybalt to help him keep the peace; put up thy sword, or manage it to part these men with me. At the thought of cooperation with the enemy, Tybalt denies Benvolio with loathing, saying What, drawn and talk of peace? I hate the word, as I hate hell, all Montagues and thee. Have at thee, coward. The sc ene introduces the two very contrasting characters of Benvolio (peaceful) and Tybalt (violent and aggressive) to the audience.The audience are quickly given a taste of the violence that occurs between these feuding families, as the action takes place after only a few minutes. This shows there is a very unpredictable and temperamental relationship between the two houses. It soon escalates as other citizens of Verona join in, angered with the two families as they destroy the peace of their streets; Down with the Capulets! Down with the Montagues!. Even the two high respectable heads of the houses, Lords Montague and Capulet, want to join the brawl. Lord Capulet shouts at his wife, bring me my long sword! though the wives disagree with their involvement, Lady Capulet replying, a crutch! A crutch! Why call you for a sword?The riot is soon ended when Prince Escalus, the Prince of Verona, enters the scene to interfere, ordering the people to stop. He describes the men as beasts, telling t hem to quench the fire of their pernicious rage. The audience is informed that the opposing families have fought like this several times before, when the Prince says three civil brawls, bred of an airy word, by thee, old Capulet, and Montague, have thrice disturbed the quiet of our streets. This also tells us that all the brawls have been provoked by airy word, meaning by teasing and subtle insults.The Prince goes on to threaten the families that if they show violence in the streets again, there will be fatal consequences; if ever you disturb our streets again, your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace. The impending threat hanging over the two families creates a dramatic effect in creating a sense of tension, especially in the future when Romeo and Juliet, two members of opposing families, meet and fall in love. The audience know that many others in the families would strongly oppose this and it could lead to many brutal deaths as a consequence of people finding out. Violence is imminent.Romeo is not involved in the fight. The audience finds out that he is instead preoccupied with heartache and longing, but not, surprisingly, for Juliet. At the start of the play Romeo appears to be infatuated with Rosaline, a woman who does not share the feeling of love towards him, and may not even realise his existence. In a conversation with Benvolio, Lord Montague reveals that Romeo has been brooding and hiding himself away for days, in a black and portentous mood. When Benvolio goes to see Romeo, Romeo tells him how he is deeply in love with Rosaline, and how he is out of her favour, where I am in love.His language is full of exaggerated romantic language, such as alas that love whose view is muffled still; this shows that he knows shes not in love with him. Rosaline is in fact a Capulet, cousin of Tybalt, but Romeo, so apparently blinded by love, does not seem to care; O brawling love! O loving hate! (this is an example of an oxymoron). Romeo is convinced he will n ever find anyone more exceptionally beautiful than Rosaline, and he believes he is deeply in love, until he meets Juliet.Benvolio, unhappy at Romeos depression, persuades him to go to (gatecrash) a Capulet party, and tells him that he will see so many more beautiful women that he will forget Rosaline. Benvolio says, be ruled by me, forget to think of her, to which Romeo replies, o, teach me how I should forget to think, and Benvolio says, by giving liberty unto thine eyes; examine other beauties. He wants Romeo to forget Rosaline and move on instead of longing after a woman he will never get.When Romeo hears of the earlier brawl he says, heres much to do with hate, but more with love. This shows he is connecting his feelings to the remains of the brawl. From this, he concludes that although their fight was partly because of the hate between the two families, it is more about the love within each family that caused them to fight against each other.Act 3 Scene 1:In this scene the tens ion is a lot higher, with the audience knowing that Romeo and Juliet have fallen in love and have been secretly married, defying their families (which would cause terrible consequences if anyone from their families found out). This is an example of dramatic irony, where the audience knows about Romeo and Juliets secret love, but some of the characters on stage do not. So the audience can understand more about what the events mean for the characters.Benvolio says to Mercutio at the beginning of the scene, I pray thee, good Mercutio, lets retire: the day is hot, the Capulets abroad, and, if we meet, we shall not scape a brawl; for now, these hot days, is the mad blood stirring. This is a warning suggesting that if they stay out, they will not avoid a fight with the Capulets; the heat of the day causes tempers to fray.Mercutio, who is in a dangerously overconfident, mocking mood, chooses to ignore Benvolios cautious comments, seemingly unworried by the prospect of a fight, but rather a nticipating one. Benvolio is the opposite, concerned about the prospect of confrontation between them and the Capulets.When Tybalt enters the scene with an aggressive manner, demanding to see Romeo, the tension increases. Tybalt wants to confront Romeo about the night he crashed the Capulet ball (he is angry at having been forced to endure Romeos presence there by Lord Capulet). When Tybalt asks to have a word with one of them, Mercutio teases him by replying with, couple it with something; make it a word and a blow. This is said to provoke Tybalt, daring him to start a fight. Tybalt responds as Mercutio anticipates, arguing back, but Romeo enters the scene and he turns his attention onto him; well, peace be with you sir: here comes my man.The tension here increases with the likely prospect of a fight. Tybalt, filled with hate for Romeo, calls him a villain, but Romeo does not allow himself to be angered by this insult, knowing that Tybalt is now family after his secret marriage to Juliet. Tybalt only wants to fight Romeo, but when prompted Romeo peacefully refuses to fight Tybalt, saying he has reason to love him, and that until Tybalt knows the reason for this love, he will not fight him; And so, good Capulet, -whose name I tender as dearly as my own,-be satisfied. Tybalt, oblivious to fact that he is indeed now related to Romeo, perceives Romeos tone as mocking, and is furious that he will not fight.Mercutio however, disgusted at Romeos apparent weakness with his refusal to stand up to Tybalt, draws his sword and challenges Tybalt. They fight, and Romeo, attempting to return the peace, throws himself between them. However, Romeo is more of a burden to Mercutio, and seizing his chance, Tybalt stabs Mercutio under Romeos arm whilst Mercutio could not defend himself, then with his men hurries away.Mercutio, injured, turns on Romeo, blaming him for coming between them and inadvertently causing Mercutios downfall (Why the devil came you between us? I was hurt un der your arm). Just before he dies Mercutio curses both the Capulets and the Montagues, changing the mood of the scene to a much more serious and menacing one; A plague o both your houses! Mercutios death and ominous curse emphasizes the feeling of fate in the play; the audience know the future of both Romeo and Juliet will be affected. There is a sense of doom hanging over both families.Romeo is overcome with anger and guilt, saying, O sweet Juliet, thy beauty hath made me effeminate, showing how close love and hate really are.Romeo, seeing it as his destiny and blinded by hate and anger, takes revenge and kills Tybalt, saying thus days black fate on more days doth depend; this but begins the woe, others must end. Romeo fears that the evil outcomes or black fate of Mercutios death lies in the future. The misfortune and grief will not end today with Mercutios death, but will have further consequences in the future. This foretells the tragedies that occur in the play. Romeo is saying this is just the beginning, which is true. O, I am fortunes fool!He has a despairing realisation of inevitable fate looming over him, as if he cannot stop the events which will secure his fate O, I am fortunes fool! This emphasizes the feeling of impending fate. He knows (as well as the audience, who would be fearful for the future and happiness of Romeo and Juliet after this terrible event), that what he has done will have great consequences, and curses himself for being so foolish, and not fighting Tybalt when Mercutio did. It seems Romeo is powerless to do anything but follow his destiny, a victim of fate.Throughout this scene the tension increases and climaxes with the deaths of Mercutio, and then Tybalt, creating great anxiety as well as tension for the audience.After Romeo has killed Tybalt, Benvolio urges him to escape, fearing that if caught by the Prince, it will end with Romeos death.When the Prince arrives Romeo has already gone, and he declares Romeos punishment; comple te banishment from Verona. Again there is dramatic irony, as only the audience know that this will have a devastating effect on Romeo and Juliet, who have only that day been married in secret.This is a crucial point in the play-this is the point that will change the entire course of the story and the future of Romeo and Juliets lives together.

DeStalinization - A Wise Political Strategy essays

DeStalinization - A Wise Political Strategy essays Although many of his ideas did not bring the expected results, Nikita Khrushchev policies of de-Stalinization were politically wise. He went against many of Stalin's tyrannical policies and gave the people a much greater sense of freedom. In the process known as "de-Stalinization", legal procedures were restored, some greater degree of meaningful public controversy was permitted, forced labor camps were closed and the secret police tactics of Stalin's era were erased. Stalin's method of personal rule was replaced by group rule and more orderly processes of government, the terror apparatus was largely dismantled, the economy was notably modernized and foreign policy was conducted with much greater diplomatic initiative and flexibility. There was free political discussion, a standard forty-hour work week where people were free to change jobs, better government planning on production, and eased travel restrictions over the "Iron Curtain". In the process of de-Stalinization the cities that were once named in honor of Stalin were given new names or returned to their old names1. The statues and pictures of Stalin were destroyed and letters were sent to families of those who were killed in battle, which criticized Stalin's weak leadership during the time of the war. Stalin's grave was vandalized during this process, and Khrushchev gained approval from the West. These policies were used to erase the past and ease the minds of those who suffered under the dictator2. Khrushchev worked to denounce his former leaders doings and clean up the image of the nation on a worldwide scale. Khrushchev worked hard to be agreeable with the majority of people he ruled. He sought to contrast his own present policies with the extremities of Stalinism, and therefore restore public confidence in the Soviet system.3 Perhaps the most notable example of de-Stalinization was where Khrushchev denounced Stalin and criticized the dictator along with tho...

Contemporary issues in marketing MGT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Contemporary issues in marketing MGT - Essay Example Over time the classical economic theory based business social responsibility evolved to see business social responsibility as more than just profit. Businesses worldwide have become more socially responsible, but they still are pursuing economic interests. Economic interests will always remain the number one priority for businesses all over the world. "Any mechanism for enforcing or urging social responsibility upon firms must of course reckon with a profit motive..." (Arrow, 2001: 304) Not all the businesses have socially responsible outlook. Some business owners still regard socially responsible business practices as a waste of money, the cost outweighing any benefits. The majority of business owners, however, regard the cost of socially responsible actions as necessary expense. They make such a commitment an essential part of their business operation. They take a great deal of pride in the reputation their business has established and wish to protect its good name. These businesses want to be seen as responsible corporate citizens, conscious of the high standards expected of them by their customers and society at large. The business world of today is much more complex compared to that of 60 years age, requiring a higher degree of corporate social responsibil... Corporate Social responsibility's (CSR's) time has come, and it is not just a management fad. The key benefits of CSR for companies are in employee retention and helping organizations through dialogue and engagement with their key stakeholders. This enables companies to win better alignment with their markets and customers in the long run, and help stem the growing tide of confrontation. Strategic Ethics And Social Responsibility Strategic ethics and social responsibility are two of the most important, yet perhaps most misunderstood concerns in the world of business today. By their very nature, these fields are controversial, and there is no universally accepted approach for solving their questions. On the other hand, government is encouraging organizational accountability for ethical conduct, and organisations are being asked to prevent and control misconduct by implementing ethics programs. By defining strategic ethics, we can link and compare it with the concept of social responsibility. In this way, we can examine applications in the business context, thus drawing conclusions about their roles in strategy. (Ferrell, 2000, 119-23) With the competing demands from different stakeholders, Corporate Social Responsibility is becoming more important in an organisation. Corporate enterprises are starting to recognize that they have a wider responsibility to the communities within which they operate. Research has shown that by implementing social responsibilities, a win-win situation can be achieved between the company and its stakeholders. Social responsibility is the obligation a business assumes toward society. Jennings (2003:6)

The importance of Spiritual Care in the Nursing Practice Essay

The importance of Spiritual Care in the Nursing Practice - Essay Example Through nurse education, students can develop spiritual self-awareness and be more apt to provide sensitive, spiritual care for other as they advance through development as a nurse (Shores, 2010). The purpose of this paper is to identify the importance of nurse education on spiritual care. Using critical inquiry, I will identify personal beliefs, assumptions and meaning on the subject while analyzing the importance of this care in practice. My spiritual development has been ongoing and will continue to be a component of my nurse education. I recognize that before I can begin to address the spiritual needs of patients’, I first need to address my own. I identify spirituality is an inner path enabling me as a person to discover my deepest values and beliefs; the ones in which I live by. Although I am not Christian, I continue to explore my spirituality and beliefs through Catholicism. I believe in one God made up of three persons and that Jesus Christ is his son. I believe the b ible is The Word of God written by men inspired by him. I believe in his virtues of honesty, truthfulness, respect, compassion, love, joy and more. I am a spiritual person inspired by his righteousness to be the best that I can be to do good as a person. In nurse education patient-care is much more than disease management; it involves the needs of the whole person; mind, body and soul. Addressing the patients’ spirituality should be a routine part of nursing care for many reasons. The first being that, religious beliefs and spiritual needs are common amongst patients, second, spiritual beliefs influence medical decisions, third, there is a relationship between spirituality and health, and the last, supporting a patients’ spirituality can enrich the nurse-patient relationship. Spiritual development is an ongoing, component of overall learning. Identifying student perspectives of these areas of spirituality can further their educational journey (Shores, 2010) Students ca n incorporate spirituality into their practice by assessing their personal values, beliefs. By doing so students are able to identify their own personal biases and assumptions and by incorporating a knowledge base of ethical practices outline by their institutions, legislation and professional practice guidelines. Ultimately, incorporating spiritual care in a patients practice can be identified by taking a patient’s history. Spiritual history gives insight to a patients’ value and belief systems and can be helpful identify spiritual distress. Spiritual history recognizes patients’ sources of hope, strength and comforts in the healing environment. Spirituality is generic Spirituality in nursing has two sides to it. One, spirituality observed by the nurse and the other, spiritual inclination of the patient. Therefore, a nurse has not only to be spiritual but also respectful of the religious beliefs of her patients. Only then, spirituality in nursing becomes wholes ome. It is strange that while religiousness is associated with well-being in health, nursing discourse involved in health care, has not attached much importance to spirituality that is concomitant with

ADVERTISEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ADVERTISEMENT - Essay Example In marketing theory, certain product brands focus on the tangible benefits of product in order to gain consumer following and interest. Purell sells its products in a very saturated environment where there are many competing brands such as Johnson and Johnson sanitizers and even many store brands from companies such as Wal-Mart and Walgreens Pharmacy. Because there are so many different products available that provide similar benefits, Purell must use interesting and eye-catching promotional advertising to make their product stand out. There is a marketing concept known as differentiation that is an effort to show consumers how one product can be more effective than another when they have very similar function and benefits. Purell is making its product seem more attractive and exciting using cartoons and clever advertising messages as a means of accomplishing this differentiation. What the company is also attempting to do is remind consumers of the importance of making sure that they are healthy and safe. By making the Purell product seem more menacing, it gives consumers a psychologically-based impression that this brand can accomplish more in their lifestyles. By showing germs that are terrified of being anywhere near the product, it makes it so that they will recall this brand name more quickly over competing brands and, ultimately, reach for Purell. This advertisement also reinforces a belief in effectiveness, even though it maintains many benefits similar to competing products, so that buyers are given the impression that this is a superior product. The clever messages being used in the advertisement also create humor with the consumer. It is usually those that are concerned with health and well-being for themselves and their families that will be buying hand sanitizer products. By using cartoon characters that are fearful of the power of Purell, it also creates psychological connections with those who value

Wide Dynamic Range Compression Benefits Health And Social Care Essay

Wide Dynamic Range Compression Benefits Health And Social Care Essay Adults with a moderate sensorineural hearing loss have a need for soft sounds to be amplified to help with clarity of speech without going over a level which the person finds too loud. Moderate sensorineural hearing loss is caused by damage to outer hair cells, which can lead to a reduced dynamic range and ultimately, recruitment. The dynamic range is the range between the threshold of hearing and the uncomfortable loudness levels (ULL). Venema (1998) refers to this as the floor (threshold) being raised and the ceiling (ULL) remaining the same. When the ULLs are unchanged, as thresholds worsen, an irregular increase in loudness is perceived typically referred to as recruitment. In order to distinguish between different types of hearing aids and find the most suitable for this type of hearing loss we have to look to see if the hearing aids can encompass the persons dynamic range without going over their uncomfortable loudness levels. It has been suggested that output limiting compress ion (CL) and wide dynamic range compression (WDRC) hearing aids are more beneficial for this type of hearing loss compared to linear hearing aids with peak clipping. Ultimately, for a moderate sensorineural hearing loss it is believed that WDRC is the most beneficial type of amplification at this time. The outer hair cells in the organ of Corti have been referred to as the amplifiers of the cochlea (Brownell, et al., 1985). In the absence of outer hair cell function, a moderate sensorineural hearing loss of around 40-50 dB is present (Ryan and Dallos, 1975). The most prevalent type of hearing loss in adults is presbyacusis or age-related hearing loss (Valente, et. al. 2008). Presbyacusis begins as a bilateral, symmetrical, high frequency sensorineural hearing loss affecting the outer hair cells in the basal end of the cochlea. People with this type of hearing loss tend to complain about background noises such as speech babble in a noisy pub. This can account for, what is commonly referred to as the upward spread of masking, which is caused by lower frequencies masking higher frequencies (Valente et. al., 2008). This results in softer, higher frequency sounds from speech such as consonants being masked by lower frequency speech sounds such as vowels. Presbyacusis causes a subtle dec rease in hearing over time (Valente et. al., 2008) and as a result, patients do not usually attend clinics until their families notice that the television is too loud or the patient themselves realize that they cannot hear as well in noisy situations as they used to. Hearing aids can include different types of compression circuits, which can benefit different types of hearing loss. Lets first look at input and output compression circuits. They differ to each other depending on where the volume control is located in the circuit. Output compression circuits have the volume control before the compression takes place. This type of compression affects the compression kneepoint and the gain but not the maximum power output. It is also the type of circuit used with CL amplification strategy and is associated with high compression ratios and kneepoints. Input compression has the volume control located after the compression circuit; therefore the sound is compressed before the volume control affects the sound. This means that the kneepoint is unaffected while the gain and maximum power output are. This type of compression circuit is what tends to be used with wide dynamic range compression (WDRC) strategy and is associated with low compression ratios and kneepoints (Venema, 1998; Dillon, 2001). The first type of compression is output limiting compression amplification. The input is linear until it reaches a high kneepoint and then it compresses the sound with a high compression ratio (Venema, 1998; Valente, et. al., 2008). This type of compression is very similar to peak clipping (PC), which is found in linear hearing aids, however it is more pleasant for the listener than PC because there is less distortion. People with normal hearing or mild to moderate hearing loss will notice that the quality of speech is more distorted with limiting when compared to people with severe to profound hearing loss who will not notice this effect as much (Dillon, 2000). In a study of 12 adults with mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss, sound quality and clarity were improved with output limiting compression when compared to peak clipping (Hawkins and Naidoo, 1993). It is generally accepted that linear hearing aids with peak clipping no longer have a place in audiology clinics and hear ing aid companies have stopped manufacturing them. Wide dynamic range compression (WDRC) is a compression strategy that aims to amplify soft sounds by a lot, medium sounds by a moderate amount and loud sounds by a small amount (Souza and Turner, 1998). WDRC tends to give more gain to soft sounds and has fairly short attack and release times (Marriage, et al., 2005). WDRC is a nonlinear compression strategy, which tries to mimic the non-linearity of the cochlea and attempts to account for loudness recruitment with sensorineural hearing loss (Moore, et al., 1992). The threshold kneepoint is usually low at around 50 dB in order to amplify quiet sounds, compressions ratios are usually lower than 4:1 and attack and release times are short so that consonant sounds are not masked by vowel sounds (Valente, et. al., 2008). WDRC is a relatively new compression strategy that is used commonly in modern digital technology hearing aids. There are mixed views as to whether WDRC is of more benefit than linear amplification. It has been noted in some literature that measurable benefits of WDRC include improved hearing for soft speech sounds (Souza and Turner, 1998), speech in quiet, speech in noise, more comfortable listening situations for loud speech (Moore, et. al., 1992; Davies-Venn, 2009) and improved acclimatisation (Yund et. al., 2006). In contrast it has also been reviewed that WDRC may improve audibility but not necessarily intelligibility when compared to linear amplification (Marriage, et. al., 2005; Souza and Turner, 1998). WDRC may be of more benefit for people with mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss compared to people with severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss. This may be due to the suggestion that as hearing gets worse i.e. in severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss that temporal cues are relied on more heavily to understand speech. Since fast WDRC can change temporal cues it may be that this population of hearing aid wearers benefits more from compression limiting (Jenstad and Souza, 2005; Davies-Venn et. al. 2009). In 1992, Brian Moore, et. al. tested twenty subjects with moderate sensorineural hearing loss, measuring speech discrimination ability in quiet and speech reception thresholds (SRTs) in noise. The subjects were fitted with two types of hearing aids: Linear amplifiers and two-band WDRC compressors. They were tested with their new hearing aids and also in an unaided condition and with their own original hearing aids. With the compression hearing aids the subjects had good speech discrimination scores at all intensity levels in the quiet and the other three conditions showed decreasing speech intelligibility as the intensity level got quieter. The WDRC aids proved to help subjects achieve lower SRTs in noise compared to the other conditions. Patients with reduced dynamic ranges also benefited from the compression hearing aids more than the linear aids in that they found the loud sounds more comfortable. When surveyed the subjects also preferred the sound of the WDRC hearing aids (Moore, et al., 1992). Another benefit of WDRC over liner amplification is improved acclimatisation. Acclimatisation is the time it takes for the brain to get accustomed to sound from a particular type of amplification and to have increased speech recognition. Yund et. al. (2006) did an acclimatisation study with 39 subjects with mild to moderate sloping sensorineural hearing loss, who had never worn hearing aids. They showed that subjects who wore the WDRC hearing aids experienced acclimatisation, whereas the patients who wore linear hearing aids did not show any increased speech discrimination scores. They believed this was because the WDRC hearing aid was able to process the normal hearing dynamic range into the dynamic range of subjects with mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss. After a period of wearing linear amplification, subjects were then fitted with WDRC hearing aids. These subjects still struggled with acclimatisation after a period with their WDRC hearing aids and needed extra help in t he form of auditory training to get rid of the effects of the linear amplification on the brain. Overall, it was concluded that hearing aids with more sophisticated technology may be the best aids for acclimatisation (Yund, et. al., 2006). One study compared the benefits of linear and nonlinear hearing aids with speech tests and Glasgow Hearing Aid Benefit Profile (GHABP) questionnaires. The majority of subjects preferred the WDRC nonlinear hearing aids compared to the linear hearing aids. They showed better scores on speech tests, had better speech recognition, and preferred the overall listening experience with the WDRC hearing aids. WDRC hearing aids can be programmed with fast or slow attack and release times or a combination as this can be adjusted for different channels. In this study the researchers found that there was more of a preference for slow attack and release times for the most comfort and satisfaction compared to fast WDRC (Gatehouse, et. al., 2006). In comparison, Shi and Doherty (2008) found better speech recognition scores for both slow and fast, attack and release times compared to linear hearing aids, however found no difference between scores for slow and fast times in WDRC. When attack and relea se times are shorter the soft speech sounds are amplified more than the louder ones. If the release time is long then the soft and loud speech sounds are amplified at the same level, which may result in the softer phonemes being masked by the louder ones (Valente, et. al., 2008). Where to set attack and release times may be different for each patient depending on their preference; however in these studies it has been shown that having attack and release times using WDRC improves speech recognition scores compared to linear hearing aids. WDRC multi-channel hearing aids have a distinct advantage over single channel hearing aids because they have the ability to use BILL and TILL (features of WDRC) at the same time (Sandlin, 2000). BILL is the bass increase at low levels and TILL is the treble increase at low levels (Dillon, 2001, pp 169). BILL will tend to go into compression a lot more with low frequency sounds and not as much with high frequency sounds. The strategy of BILL is to allow the hearing aid wearer to hear better in background noise. TILL will go into compression more often with high frequency sounds and not as much with low frequency sounds. The strategy of TILL is to increase audibility of high frequency sounds. Both BILL and TILL used in conjunction can create a good fitting strategy for a flat moderate high frequency sensorineural hearing loss (Venema, 1998). Dillon (2000) described two problems that can arise with WDRC hearing aids. The first problem is that while WDRC hearing aids amplify very soft speech well, they also amplify very soft background noises such as the clock ticking or the sound of clothes moving (Dillon, 2000). Fortunately with newer digital technology, hearing aids are able to separate speech from background noise more intuitively than with analogue technology. A way to deal with these very low level background noises is to use expansion. Expansion is the opposite of compression and aims to make the weakest sounds in the quietest environments unnoticeable as it is below the listeners aided threshold (Valente, et. al., 2008). The second disadvantage is the problem of feedback being introduced when the hearing aid wearer is in a quiet environment and the gain is increased (Dillon, 2000; Valente, et. al., 2008). In the past few years digital feedback suppression/cancellation has become more sophisticated and this does not seem to be a problem with WDRC in hearing aid wearers as long as a suitable earmould is fitted. Wide dynamic range compression has been shown to have advantages over linear amplification using compression limiting and peak clipping circuits. In some researchers opinions it has still not been unequivocally proven that WDRC is the best fitting strategy for all types of hearing loss. As levels gets worse than moderate sensorineural hearing loss, the loss of outer and inner hair cell function causes temporal cues to worsen. It is unclear whether fast WDRC may be causing distortion in speech signals due to this. What is clear is that for mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss, most commonly observed with presbyacusis, WDRC seems to improve speech recognition in quiet, in noise, overall comfort and it is easier to acclimatise to wearing hearing aids. There is not a great amount of recent literature on the subject of the benefits of WDRC in the moderate sensorineural hearing loss category. It would be interesting to see new research conducted to determine whether there are more b enefits in multichannel WDRC with newer, more intuitive, digital technology hearing aids.

Analysis of Tchaikovskys Swan Lake Essay -- Music Ballet

Tchaikovsky is one of the most popular of all composers. The reasons are several and understandable. His music is extremely tuneful, opulently and colourfully scored, and filled with emotional passion. Undoubtedly the emotional temperature of the music reflected the composer's nature. He was afflicted by both repressed homosexuality and by the tendency to extreme fluctuations between ecstasy and depression. Tchaikovsky was neurotic and deeply sensitive, and his life was often painful, but through the agony shone a genius that created some of the most beautiful of all romantic melodies. With his rich gifts for melody and special flair for writing memorable dance tunes, with his ready response to the atmosphere of a theatrical situation and his masterly orchestration, Tchaikovsky was ideally equipped as a ballet composer. His delightful fairy-tale ballets, Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker are performed more than any other ballets. Swan Lake, Tchaikovsky's first ballet, was commissioned by the Imperial Theatres in Moscow in 1875. He used some music from a little domestic ballet of the same title, composed for his sister Alexandra's children in 1871. Swan Lake tells the story of Prince Siegfied, who sees the Odette, the Queen of Swans, become a beautiful maiden whilst he is out hunting wild swans. She explains that she is under the spell of the wicked magician, Von Rothbart, and is condemned to live as a swan by day, and a human by night. Only when a man swears to love her and no other, forever, the spell will be broken. Siegfried declares his love, but at a ball the following evening, he is tricked into asking Odile, the magician's daughter, to marry him. Von Rothbart makes her look like Odette, but dressed in... ...chestral introduction with an imperfect cadence. A strong rhythmic  ¾ allegro passage, with sequences and descending scales is played by the orchestra, with timpani and cymbals. The music modulates, and a short, quiet woodwind passage is then alternated with an orchestral passage with dotted rhythms, creating a `terraced dynamics' effect. Part B begins with a major clarinet melody accompanied by pizzicato strings. A minor flute sequence follows, and is followed by a repetition of the oboe melody. A string sequence is then played, imitated by the oboe. There is a crescendo, then the rhythmic orchestral melody returns, alternated with a short flute passage. There are suspensions, descending scales and a crescendo, followed by a strong rhythmic passage with the timpani playing on the beat. Imperfect cadences are played, before the piece finishes with a perfect cadence.

European-English language Essay

As Ammon Ulrich puts it, the English language is the most hospitable languages in the world because of its character for being open to other languages (2002). The English language accepts words and expressions from other languages. It even borrows the native words and expressions of some countries. Such hospitability of the English language can be proved by appealing to the etymologies found in some English terms (Algeo & Pyles 2004). Yet, he argued that such hospitability does not entail humbleness. In fact, he argued that the English language has started to dominate the world by making the world accustomed to use and speak the English language (Ammon 2002). The sixteenth, seventeenth and the eighteenth century signaled the rise of the English language in Europe (Anderman & Rogers 2005). These periods marked the impeccable influence of the English language in the European civilizations. Because of trades and shipping businesses, it was said that Europe had increasingly exposed themselves on the English language (Phillipson 2003). The nineteenth century made almost all of the European languages to have distinct affinity with the English language likewise the European languages include vocabularies and terms that were derived from the English language (Anderman & Rogers 2005). In the twentieth century, England took a very significant role in expanding the influence of the English language in the whole European region. Because of cultural relations, economic transactions, and global communications, English had truly penetrated Europe. There was this mixed European and English language – combination of structures, terms, expressions and styles of the two languages (Anderman & Rogers 2005). Nonetheless, in this period, English does not have any special place in European countries. It is not even regarded as an official language by other European countries (Phillipson 2003). Though there are some countries which used English as their native language. There are countries in Europe which are opposed with the idea of translating files and documents from their native language into English (Ammon 2002). Bilingualism is allowed in the European region (Phillipson 2003). However; European countries do not think that making the English language as their official language would make significant change for them. As a result, they refuse to consider translations of newspapers, official documents and declarations into the English language. There are separate editions and issues of magazines that are printed and published in English (Ammon 2002). According to the European Union, though the English language has truly proven its importance in international business and communication, it does not necessarily mean that they would ardently adopt it (Anderman & Rogers 2005). What happened is that, European countries, together with their cultures, reconstructed the English language with their own native language. For example, the combination of French and English is called Franglais. The combination of German and English is Denglish, Spanish and English is Spanglish, Dutch and English is Nederengels (Anderman & Rogers 2005). Besides this reconstruction or the mixing of European languages and the English language, the European Union announces that although the English language is key factor in business communication, local cultures and communication should be first considered. Consequently, English is only regarded as an ordinary language used and spoken by the people in Europe (Stavans 2002). Crawford’s â€Å"Heritage Languages in America: Tapping a ‘Hidden’ Resource† English Language is known as the official language of America (Crawford 1999). All the states of America use and speak of it. There is no such thing as native language except for the fact that America has been inhibited by many other people with different nationalities and cultures (Cheshire 2007). It is tagged as the melting pot of the world. For this reason, it is undeniable that every attempt to come near it would mean exposing oneself from the very influential power of the American culture including the use of the English language (Crawford 1999). According to James Crawford, it is inevitable that the world would bend over the English language (1999). Evidently, one cannot survive in the international scene without knowing how to speak and understand English. As repeatedly mentioned in this paper, international communication requires the English language (Crystal 2003). He stressed in his arguments his contention to those countries which try to establish an anti-bilingual campaign (Crawford 1999). It is to be noted that there are really bills and laws that are currently against the use of English as a second language. He saw no logical reason for pushing such campaign. American people honor and recognize the role of the English language. They see how it significantly affects their lives and the world. No matter how the English language is differently used and spoken by different countries in the world, no doubt that it pushes the world to take big leaps with regards to technological, scientific, political and mostly economic advancements. English language-policy system in America is geared towards the unification of native tribes and groups with the whole of America (Johnson, 2000). It does not really undermine or debilitate native languages. It serves as the key weapon in improving the lives of the people, and making them realize that the world is really moving towards modernization and globalization. There is no way that the English language would not affect the international relations of the world (Cheshire 2007). However, according to James Crawford, it does not imply that other languages would be thrown out of the picture. He insisted that native languages should be tied up with the native languages so as to preserve the culture and heritage of particular regions and groups in America while making efforts to advance the quality of life they have (Crawford 1999). Conclusion The English Language cannot really own by one nation. In fact it is not exclusively owned by any one. It is a freelancer language which tends to be accessible to all that needs a common medium for particular and specific purpose. The research studies presented in this paper proves that the English language has really penetrated the international scene – leaving either good or bad effects. More so, its evolution took place in the midst of criticisms and oppositions against it. China, Japan, Europe and America admitted that the English language significantly takes part in every transformation of the world. It is a very dynamic language which allows the assimilation and inclusion of almost every other languages and culture. Bilingualism may be seen as problem or threat for others. Nonetheless, bilingualism opens the door for better communication. References: Algeo, J. , & Pyles, T 2004, The Origins and Development of the English Language (5th ed. ), Heinle. Ammon, U 2002, English As An Academic Language In Europe: A Survey Of Its Use In Teachin,. Peter Lang Publishing. Anderman, G. M. , & Rogers, M 2005, In And Out Of English: For Better, For Worse? (Translating Europe, Multilingual Matters Limited. Brownell, J. A1967, Japan’s second language;: A critical study of the English language program in the Japanese secondary schools in the 1960’s, National Council of Teachers of English. Burchfield, R 2003, The English Language,. Oxford University Press. Burnley, D 2000, The History of the English Language: A Source Book (2nd ed. ), Longman. Cheshire, J 2007, English around the World: Sociolinguistic Perspectives, Cambridge University Press. Cheshire, Jenny 1991, Introduction: sociolinguistics and English around the world, In Cheshire: 1-12. Crane, M 2004, English as a Second Language, Grand Central Publishing . Crawford, J 1999, Heritage Languages in America Retrieved July 2007, 2007 from http://ourworld. compuserve. com/homepages/JWCRAWFORD/HL. htm Crystal, D 2003, English as a Global Language (2nd ed. ), Cambridge University Press. Fennell, B. A 2001, A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approac,. Blackwell Publishing Limited. Gorlach, M. 1991, Studies in Varieties of English around the World, 1984-1988, Amsterdam/Philadephia: John Benjamin’s Publishing Company. Graddol, D 1996. The History of the English Language (First ed. ), Routledge. Hamers, Josiane F. & Blanc, Michel H. A 1989, Bilinguality and Bilingualism, Cambridge: CUP. Johnson, F. L 2000, Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States, Sage Publications, Inc . Kachru, B. B 1992, The Other Tongue: ENGLISH ACROSS CULTURES (2nd ed. ), University of Illinois Press. Kahcru, Braj B 1986, â€Å"The power and politics of English†. In World Englishes, Vol. 5, No. 2/3: 121-140. Liu, J 2007, English Language Teaching in China: New Approaches, Perspectives and Standard, Continuum International Publishing Group. Marciamo 2005, Japan more accommodating to English speakers than to speakers of other languages, Retrieved July 28, 2007 from Japan Reference: http://www. jref. com/language/english_friendly_japan. shtml McMillan, R. R 1999, English as the Second Official Language in Japan? Retrieved July 28, 2007, from Garden City Life: http://www.antonnews. com/gardencitylife/1999/12/17/opinion/ Pennycook, Alastair 1994, The Cultural Politics of English as an International Language, Harlow: Longman Group Ltd. Phillipson, R 2003, English-Only Europe? : Challenging Language Policy (First ed. ), Routledge. Porcaro, J. W 2002, â€Å"Translating literature and learning culture. (teaching English as a foreign language in Japan†, Academic Exchange Quarterly , 6 (4), p. 113. Ross, H. A 1993 China Learns English: Language Teaching and Social Change in the People`s Republic, Yale University Press. Saito, T. , Nakamura, J. , & Yamazaki, S 2002, English Corpus Linguistics in Japan, Rodopi. Shaobin, J 2002, English as a Global Language in Chin,. Retrieved July 27, 2007, from ELT Newsletter: http://www. eltnewsletter. com/back/May2002/art992002. htm Stanlaw, J 2005, Japanese English: Language And The Culture Contact (Bilingual ed. ), Hong Kong University Press. Stavans, I 2002, On Borrowed Words: A Memoir of Language, Penguin Non-classics. Weixing, G 2003, The Origin of English Language Teaching in China’s School, Monash Asia Institute.

Japan1 essays

Japan1 essays During the 1980s, Japan had one of the most profitable and efficient economies in the world. But a recent recession has forced Japan to make changes and pushed them back, out of the realm of being an economic superpower. This leaves just one question; when analyzing Japans strengths and weakness, is it likely for them to return to the economic status they enjoyed during the 1980s? The answer is no. Because of Japanese false illusions, increasing national debt and deflation, combined with other factors, it is unlikely that Japan will be able to make a full recovery. When analyzing something as complex as a country suffering from a national recession, it is important to note their various strengths. During the 1980s, Japan exploded onto the global economic scene. The Japanese established themselves among the ranks of the United States and various European powers. One of the greatest strengths enjoyed by Japan is the absence of any military institution. After World War II, the United States, in congruence with the other allied powers, declared that Japan was no longer to have a national military. Just think about that, military expenses account for a great portion of any countries national budget. Japan, now without military, had large amounts of money freed up by this policy (Nishiyama, 2). They no longer had to endure the expenses of maintaining any standing military, nor did they have to invest money in keeping pace with military technological advancements. Instead, Japan was promised military assistance by the United States, if any s ituation were to arise. With more money available to the Japanese government, they were able to distribute more to other sectors of the country. This was an extreme boost for the economic situation of Japan and their citizens (Nishiyama, 2). But as time moved on, the United States slowly moved to lessen its role in the protection of Japan. They allowed J...

Introduction to the Economic Term Supply

Introduction to the Economic Term Supply In economics, the supply of a particular good or service is simply the quantity of the item that is produced and offered for sale. Economists refer to both individual firm supply, which is the quantity that a single firm produces and offers for sale, and market supply, which is the combined quantity that all firms in the market together produce. Supply Is Based on Profit Maximization One assumption in economics is that companies operate with the single explicit goal of maximizing profits. Therefore, the quantity of a good supplied by a firm is the amount that gives the firm the highest level of profit. The profit that a firm makes from producing a good or service depends on a number of factors, including the price that it can sell its output for, the prices of all of the inputs to production, and the efficiency of turning inputs into outputs. Since supply is the outcome of the profit maximization calculation, its hopefully not surprising that these determinants of profit are also the determinants of the quantity that a firm is willing to supply. Implicit Time Units It doesn’t really make sense to describe supply without mentioning time units. For example, if someone asked â€Å"how many computers does Dell supply?† you would need more information in order to answer the question. Is the question about computers supplied today? This week? This year? All of these time units are going to result in different quantities supplied, so it’s important to specify which one you are talking about. Unfortunately, economists are often somewhat lax about mentioning the time units explicitly, but you should remember that they are always there.

Role of women in the military and military espionage, both in US and Term Paper

Role of women in the military and military espionage, both in US and other cultures, and cultural reactions to women in the mili - Term Paper Example In the 20th century, there were two World Wars which facilitated to bring equality between men and women due to feminist movements. The insertion of women in all aspects of armed forces expanded effectively. At the time of World Wars, a majority of the women followed the men in every aspect of war such as trailing behind the marching soldiers with the camp equipments, foods and other necessary components in order to provide support to military in every way2. Thesis Statement This paper intends to discuss the role of women in the military and its espionage both in the US as well as other cultures and also how these cultures react in relation to the role of women in the military. Moreover, this paper also demonstrates different scholarly viewpoints regarding the role of women in the military. Furthermore, this paper describes the role of woman in The American Revolutionary War, The Civil War and The World Wars. Literature Review According to Patten & Parker (2011), the women who serve in todays military are quite different from the men, who participate in various ways in order to defend the nation. In comparison to male counterparts, in the US, a larger percentage of women in military are black and a smaller percentage are married. Moreover, women military combat during the incident of 9/11 or September 11 terrorist attacks was quite less than the men combat but the women’s involvement was more at the time of wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. From the year 1973, the US military stopped recruitment and developed an ‘all-volunteer’ force, where majority of the women serve an effective combat role, which has increased considerably in recent times3. Kilcullen (2012) affirmed that the United States Army is still in debate whether to admit women in the US Ranger School or not. Moreover, he stated that high level training programs of army school are not for women. There have been certain debates in relation to the US Ranger School due to the fact that th e Army is making a consideration to overturn regulations that have excluded women from infantry battalions. In the year 1991, at the time of Gulf War, Air Force department facilitated women to serve the role of combat pilot. At present, women in army are not given permission to serve as a part of frontline squads, platoons and rifle companies4. Discussion By taking into consideration the American Civil War (1861-1865), it is recognized that a majority of the women played a significant role while serving the community at the time of war. During the period of this war, women protected their farms and families from war effects. Moreover, women also served as military spies and espionage agents during the time of civil war5. When the US declared war against Germany in the year 1917, most of the women groups felt the requirement to join the war and serve the nation. Throughout the American history, intelligence has played a crucial role by which the nation has developed into an internati onal power in terms of its military. Traditionally, women’s contributions and their voluntary participations helped to protect this nation in various ways6. The Civil War was considered not only as a turning point in American history but also in the history of women in America. During the time of the Civil War, women protected their homes and communities, provided medical care for the wounded people

Nursing Information Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing Information Technology - Essay Example None of which she expected (Turner, 2003). This paper will discuss whether the decision to outsource IT makes sense and whether it would meet the Porter Value Chain Model. Hoppszallern (2009) discusses the fact that according to her research savings for the average company through supply chain management that includes the process of outsourcing IT can be $50-100 million over the life of the project. In a clinical situation this includes such things as the business process areas of medical records, billing, revenue cycle, and supply chain. The process of outsourcing not only reduces cost for the business but also provides accountability from the CIO, provides a change agent that is not bogged down by day to day, and objectivity by lack of close involvement with the departments. It also provides a larger base of knowledge over IT software as well as hardware. However, there is also a down side. That includes the fact that the IT director is also not loyal to the business, he may be a poor cultural fit, and he is not a peer at the executive level. There is also a great chance that the outsourcing will end up abroad and this brings up Senator Turners larg est complaint is that the business of the US does not belong abroad and available for misuse (Turner, 2003). Many of the complaints from departments about outsourcing are related. For example, most department heads complain that it takes twice as long to fix a problem and that the person on the phone does not understand the needs of the department. Projects take longer. This brings up the question of real value and whether or not the lost value of time for the departments in project time outweighs the cost of keeping the IT department in house (Robbins, 2004). In this writers organization, all of the IT department is already outsourced and the complaints are much the same as documented in the articles read for this paper. This includes the length of time it takes to initiate and manage a project as well as getting someone to fix a problem along with many other issues. The majority of the department heads would say that it has not been worth it but the CFO says that it has definitely improved the bottom line. Using Porters value chain management model in healthcare would give a path similar to what follows: 1. Data/ information technology 2. Information generation 3. Analysis 4. Actionable customer plan 5. Program assessment/reassessment The data comes in from 1. Medical claims data 2. Pharmacy data 3. Health risk appraisals 4. Laboratory values 5. Eligibility files 6. Utilization files 7. Operating systems and other external data resources. Much of this data comes from various kinds of claim forms. As we look at this first step in Porters value chain, we realize that there is information here that is certainly not information that we would ever want to be exposed to other places. This makes one wonder if the reduction in cost by outsourcing is worth the possibility of this information leaving the system. Then there is the issue of whether failure to transmit the information where it needs to go in a timely manner is possible and sudden changes in the data such as emergent lab changes, are they getting there timely. Who is aware of how important subtle changes are in the data Then there is the problem of how important data quality