Implications of the TRAPPIST-1 Discovery

Implications of the TRAPPIST-1 Disc overyThe look to for Extra-Terrestrial keep in the being and the Implications of the TRAPPIST-1 DiscoveryAbstractDespite the absence seizure seizure of any discovery of nominate beyond the soil in the solar formation, or communication in the form of radio signals from beyond the solar constitution, humankinds quest to answer the suspicion whether in that respect is flavour elsewhere in the origination continues apace. The answer to the nous could be tantalizingly close at once with some ambitious boots being plotted in the solar arrangement to try and find look itself, and surveys of unprecedented scale being conducted with put and world(a) telescopes to identify voltagely habi prorogue exoplanets showing usher for the human beings of action. One such survey (the TRAPPIST survey) led to the discovery of a close solar system with a dwarf sense datum at its centre, and in February this year the cosmos of seven humanity-size d planets orbiting the star was confirmed, with at least ternion lying in the habitable order. Studies be continuing to see if in that location is evidence for the existence of animateness on any of these planets, with pro nominate astronomic implications. This dissertation considers the question of what is vitality, before reviewing the history and future of the search for extra-terrestrial animation in the Universe. The techniques employed and the results from the TRAPPIST survey are reviewed and the implications of the fol first gear-on studies that are now think are discussed. It concludes by considering the question whether humankind go away ever chance on apt support in the Universe. Thomas ZurbuchenAssociate administrator of the intuition Mission Directorate at NASA speaking at the press apprize ab come forward the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanets in February 2017The Search for Extra-Terrestrial life historytime in the Universe limit1.Introduction2.What is bread and butter?3.Pre-requisites for Life5.History of the Search for Life Beyond Earth full treatment CitedReferencesThe Search for Extra-Terrestrial Life in the UniverseIntroductionDespite the absence of any discovery of life beyond the Earth in the solar musical arrangement, or communication in the form of radio signals from beyond the Solar System, humankinds quest to answer the question whether there is life elsewhere in the Universe continues apace. Exobiology the search for life or for evidence of it has been moved(p) by the extraordinary success of missions to planets and other bodies in the Solar System and the rapid advances that hold screen been made in telescope technology in recent decades. The answer to the question could be tantalizingly close now with some ambitious missions being planned in the Solar System to try and find life itself, and surveys of unprecedented scale being conducted with distance and terrestrial telescopes to identify potentially habitable exoplan ets showing evidence for the existence of life.One such survey (the TRAPPIST survey) led to the discovery of a near solar system with a dwarf star at its centre, and in February this year the existence of seven Earth-sized planets orbiting the star was confirmed, with at least 3 lying in the habitable geographical zone. Studies are continuing to see if there is evidence for the existence of life on any of these planets, with pro prime astronomical implications.This dissertation considers the question of what is life, before reviewing the history and future of the search for extra-terrestrial life in the Universe. The techniques employed and the results from the TRAPPIST survey are reviewed and the implications of the follow-on studies that are now planned are discussed. It concludes by considering the question whether humankind will ever invite intelligent life in the Universe.What is Life?Is there life elsewhere in the universe? Before setting out to answer that question we nee d to understand what we mean by life. In popular socialization extra-terrestrial life is usually characterised by intelligent humanoid creatures with whom mankind tin interact and communicate, plainly one only has to look at the renewing of life on Earth to appreciate that there are illimitable life forms, each unique and a product of the environment it inhabits. Nor hobo all life forms on Earth necessarily be draw as intelligent, perhaps as defined by the Oxford Concise dictionaryThe strength to acquire and apply knowledge and skills.It is reasonable to assume that an ability to communicate is essential if a species is to be described as intelligent, unless intelligence is non a pre-requisite for the civilizement of life.There are many an(prenominal) scientific definitions of life, such as that offered by the Merriam-Webster DictionaryAn organismic articulate characterized by capacity for metabolism, growth, reaction to stimuli, and reproduction. This definition is he lpful but it does not explicitly recognise that the ability to evolve, particularly in a changing environment, is vital for the growment of sustainable life.Mankind has expended considerable effort over the millennia trying to understand the cosmos. The ancients saw it as a place populate by the gods, but as astronomy developed, and with it our understanding of the Solar System and the Universe, we began to ask the question, argon we alone?, or perhaps much precisely, Are there others out there like us? Perhaps the question we look at been seeking to answer should really have been in 2 parts Is there life elsewhere in the universe, and if so is it intelligent and would we be able to interact with it in some way?Pre-requisites for LifeEarth is the only place where it is possible today to study animate things and fossils to understand life, its evolution and the habitats where it goat thrive.On Earth life is found in many extreme environments including around volcanic vents on the mid-ocean ridges in deeply-buried porous sedimentary rocks (Bruckner, 2017) permanently in caves in glacier ice (Edwards, 2014) in thermal springs in the stratosphere (Major, 2016) and in naturally toxic environments that would be pestilential to most other life forms. Despite the abundance of life on the surface of the Earth it has been suggested that there may even be more than life below the surface than there is above (Cox, 2013). enrol 1 Colony of Deepsea Tube Worms and other fauna at the Galapagos Rift.(Photo NOAA 2011 Galapagos Rift Expedition)Figure 2 A loach, a permanent cave-dwelling fish that crawls out of the water supply to feed on bacterium growing on damp rocks. (Photo Dant Fenolio) wholly terrestrial life exhibits metabolism, which is a chemical process to harvest nada from the environment to maintain the living state of the cells that make up an organism. transfiguration involves moving and breaking down nutrients in order to produce zip fastener to synth esize new proteins, nucleic acids etc. that are essential to sustain life (Dr Ananya Mandal, 2013).All terrestrial life is based on the carbon atom, which can form chemical bonds to create the long and mixed complete molecules that are the essential building blocks for life (Freeman, 2011). All terrestrial life is in addition reliant on bland water as the medium deep down which the metabolic process occurs. Without liquid water there can be no metabolism and therefore no life, as demonstrated by the Atacama Desert the driest place on Earth where there is no evidence for the existence of any living organisms (Cox, 2013).It is generally accepted that the pre-requisites for life areAccess to nutrients that contain the chemical elements necessary for lifeAn naught offset that can be harvested directly or indirectly andLiquid water. minded(p) that all elements occur doneout the Universe, as do stars that emit energy in the form of photons, the most obvious place to look for ex tra-terrestrial life is on the surface of planets where there is likely to be liquid water.In any solar system there will be a region around the star within which the temperature is such that water will exist as a liquid. This is known as the Habitable Zone. The surmount of the habitable zone from the star and its extent will be a work on of the spectral type (and therefore multitude) of the star and can be estimated utilise the Inverse Square Law, assuming the existence of an aureole with sufficient density to prevent sublimation of the water. The figure below shows the extent of the habitable zone for various star masses, with the Solar System planets and the exoplanets orbiting the red dwarf star Gliese 581 superimposed.Figure 3 The habitable zone as a function of stellar mass and distance from the star(Chester Harman, Planets PHL at UPR Arecibo, NASA/JPL/APL/Arizona)Another potential habitat for life is on the moons of large planets with elliptical orbits are subjected to tidal arouseing caused by tidal friction. Orbital and rotational energy is clean as heat in the crust of the moon, in some cases liquescent the ice and forming an ocean beneath the ice crust. Two known examples of this in the Solar System are Jupiters moon Europa and Saturns moon Enceladus.It is postulated that life could in like manner exist below the surface of Jupiters moon Io where there is plentiful heat to keep any water that was trapped in a liquid state, and where living organisms would be protected from Jupiters radiation (Choi, 2010).The Origin and Evolution of Life on Earth and ElsewhereThrough the study of living organisms the pre-requisites for life are reasonably well understood, as is the evolutionary process through inter alia the study of fossils. However, to answer the question of how life came to be constituted on Earth it is also necessary to look beyond the Earth for clues.The elements that make up organic molecules are very abundant in the Universe and are known to originate from non-biological processes (e.g. volcanic activity on Mars (Carnegie Instution, 2012)) and there is a lot of evidence to suggest organic molecules are widespread in the galaxy, e.g.Iso-propyl cyanide has been find oneselfed by examining cook emission lines in inter-stellar clouds in the Milky Way (BBC, 2014).Organic molecules have been detected using spectral analysis in the tails of comets. The Rosetta mission to comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko also detected organic molecules (ESA, 2016).Organic molecules have also been found in certain types of meteorite collected on Earth. Carbonaceous chondrites are ancient meteorites that have not melted at any stage of their life so are thought to pre-date the Solar System. They contain substantial amounts of carbon, including complex organic compounds and occasionally amino acids, and up to 20% water (Freeman, 2011).In the early Solar System comets and meteorides were very numerous and according to the Panspermia su pposal they seeded the Universe with simple life forms that got trapped in ejecta thrown into space when collisions occurred between planets and moons. This theory was given credence when living bacteria was found in a sealed camera recovered and brought back to Earth by the Apollo 12 astronauts from the Surveyor 3 spacecraft. Surveyor 3 had been on the lunar surface for three age.Another possibility is that organic molecules were formed on Earth, as hypothesised by Oparin and Haldane (Oparin, 1924). In 1952 Miller and Urey conducted their famous laboratory try which simulated conditions on early Earth. They mixed water, ammonia, methane and heat content in an atmosphere of water vapour, through which electric sparks were fired regularly to simulate lightening. At the end of the experiment they discovered that amino acids had indeed formed, giving credence to this hypothesis (Miller, 1953).Figure 4 The Miller-Uray apparatusOnce all the skillful ingredients were present somethi ng kick-started life on Earth, and/or elsewhere in the Universe if the Panspermia Hypothesis is right. It is not possible today to conclude how life originated on Earth, but in any event the fossil record shows that the jump simple living organisms appeared on Earth around 3.8 billion years ago, and so began the process of evolution producing the incredible diversity of life on Earth today.Whether life was kick-started on Earth or arrived from elsewhere is arguably one of the most important factors influencing the possible distribution of extra-terrestrial life, and is discussed again in Section xx.History of the Search for Life Beyond EarthNASA was ceremonious by an act of the US Congress in 1958, mainly in response to the launch by the Soviet Union of Sputnik 1. Most of its efforts were ab initio concentrated on the development of manned and unmanned space flight, but in the 1970s exploration of the Solar System using scientific probes began, driven to a large extent by the sea rch for life beyond Earth.NASA began a broad-based effort to learn how to look for the presence two ancient and current of life beyond Earth, giving birth to a new science which became known as Exobiology. The fundamental questions that NASA set out to answer wereWhat is needed for life to thrive?How does life evolve?Where else in the Universe could it have evolved?How do we find it?In time it was adjudge that to help answer these questions the detailed study of life on Earth was necessary to understand the origins and evolution of life and the habitats where it is found. The scope of exobiology expand and it became known as Astrobiology (Freeman, 2011).During the 1960s a number of European countries started to get involved in space exploration, eventually clubbing together to form the European Space Agency (ESA) in 1975, bringing more resources to the exploration effort.The Search for show of Intelligent LifeIn 1959 Guiseppe Cocconi and Philip Morrison find that if intellige nt extra-terrestrial life had been attempting to communicate it would probably have been doing so using radio waves transmitted at the wavelength of neutral hydrogen (21.1 cm), which is in a region of the radio spectrum dubbed the water hole due to its proximity to the hydrogen and hydroxyl radical spectral line. These radio waves do not go across diminution when they travel through the interstellar medium or through the Earths atmosphere and they argued that it should therefore be possible to detect such signals with terrestrial radio telescopes because (Cocconi Morrison, 1959).In 1960 Dr Frank Drake used the radio telescope at the National Astronomy Observatory in West Virginia to search for quaternity months for radio signals with a wavelength of 21.1 cm emanating from the vicinity of nearby stars Epsilon Eridani and Tau Ceti (Drake, 1961). He failed to detect any signals but this heralded the beginning of SETI (the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence). Since the 1980s t here has been an international collaborative effort to detect meaningful signals across an more and more wide range of wavelengths, but although occasional signals have been detected they have not been sustained or repeated, which suggests they were not produced by an intelligent life form seeking to communicate. Notwithstanding this, the search continues.The Search for Suitable Habitats and Evidence for the Existence of LifeAristotle was the first to observe life in setback as a snow algal bloom. These occur as algae produce reddish-pink blooms (watermelon snow) as seen in this sample of Svalbard snow. The reddish-pink pigments are a microbic sunscreen, protecting the algae from UV radiation. Photo credit Dr Arwyn Edwards (Edwards, 2014)DrakeStars w/ mass 1.5o unlikely to support life humans took 4bn + yrsSmall stars long life but low temp, planets have to be close but accordingly gravity lockedv. low POS based on current understanding = sun-like star- low rate of formation 110 w/ habitable zoneImplications of Trappist-1 results and historical assumptionsThe Probability of There Being Extra-Terrestrial Life in the UniverseThe Drake EquationThe Drake equation isN = R- fp ne f fi fc LwhereN = the number of civilizations in our galaxy with which communication might be possible (i.e. which are on our current past light cone)andR* = the average rate of star formation in our galaxyfp = the split of those stars that have planetsne = the average number of planets that can potentially support life per star that has planetsfl = the fraction of planets that could support life that rattling develop life at some pointfi = the fraction of planets with life that actually go on to develop intelligent life (civilizations)fc = the fraction of civilizations that develop a technology that releases detectable signs of their existence into spaceL = the length of time for which such civilizations release detectable signals into spaceNo table of figures entries found .2. Prof BBC. (2014). Complex organic molecule found in interstellar space.Bruckner, M. (2017). Endoliths-Microbes Living within Rocks. Microbial Life.Carnegie Instution. (2012). Organic carbon from Mars, but not biological. Science Daily.Cox, P. B. (2013). Wonders of the Solar System.Dr Ananya Mandal, M. (2013). What is Metabolism?Edwards, D. A. (2014). Glacier Ecosystems. Antarctic Glaciers.ESA. (2016). Rosettas comet contains ingredients for life.Freeman, R. (2011). Universe Ninth Edition.J. mayo Greenberg, C. X.-G. (1992). The seeding of life by comets. Advances in Space Research.Major, J. (2016). Hunting for High Life What Lives in Earths Stratosphere? Universe Today.Oparin, A. I. (1924). The Origin Of Life.The Oxford Concise Dictionary. (n.d.). http//www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/What-is-Metabolism.aspxhttps//www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120524143450.htmhttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panspermiahttps//history.nasa.gov/factsheet.htmhttps//astrobiology.nasa.gov/abou t/history-of-astrobiology/http//www.esa.int/About_Us/Welcome_to_ESA/ESA_history/History_of_Europe_in_spaceKen sieve The Detection and Characterization of Extrasolar Planets Published 19 September 2014